Grammar: Present

Perfect, Prepositions of STUDENTS:

Place, Will + probably-
definitely, might
JONATHANN VARGAS JIMÉNEZ.

Climate Change: CARLOS SALAZAR MONTOYA.

Causes, consequences GUSTAVO PINEL ZAMORA.
and recommendations on
climate changes
 Present perfect
THE PRESENT PERFECT IS FORMED FROM THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE
VERB HAVE AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF A VERB.
SOME CASES WHERE WE USE THE PRESENT PERFECT:
FOR SOMETHING THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES IN THE PRESENT:

EXAMPLE: SHE HAS LIVED IN LIVERPOOL ALL HER LIFE.

WHEN WE ARE TALKING ABOUT OUR EXPERIENCE UP TO THE PRESENT:

EXAMPLE: I'VE SEEN THAT FILM BEFORE.

 Form
 To form the present perfect Tense we use the auxiliary verb “to have” in the present simple tense,
as well as the past participle of the principal verb. For regular verbs, the past participle of verb is
the regular past simple form (verb + “ed”).
 Keep in mind that there are many irregular past participles in English.
 Below is a list of some of the most common irregular past participles.
 Structure
Affirmative sentences:
Subject Have/Has Past participle Complement
I Have/ I've Talked To Peter.
She Has/ She's Gone To work.
We Have/We’ve Been To London.
They Have/They’ve Learned English.

Negative sentences:

Have + not/
Subject Past participle Complement
Has + not
I Have/ haven't Talked To Peter.
She Has/ hasn't Gone To work.
We Have/haven't Been To London.
They Have/haven’t Learned English.
  Interrogative sentences:

Complement
Have/Has Subject Past participle
+?
Have I Talked To Peter?.
Has She Gone To work?.
Have We Been To London?.
Have They Learned English?.

Uses:
To describe an experience: we have been to Rio de Janeiro.
To Express change over time: he has learned to be more patient.
For accomplishments: Dan has finished writing his first novel.
For actions or events that have not yet happened: the plane hasn’t arrived yet.
To discuss actions or events that occurred at various times in the past: our team has played 4
games so far this year.
For situations that began in the past and continue into the present: I have loved you since the
day I met you.
 Prepositions of place
Prepositions of place are used to show were something is located and they are always found after the principal verb.
Regardless of the verb tense. These prepositions are most often used with the verb “to be”.

Next to (beside)
Meaning: adjacent or by the side of
Use: "Next to" and "beside" can be used interchangeably as the meaning is the same. The use of one over the other
depends on the speaker and the context.
Examples:
The supermarket is next to (beside) the bank.
Sit next to (beside) me.

BY
Meaning: in proximity to, near
Use: "By" may be used in the same contexts as"next to" or "beside", but the meaning is closer to"near” rather than
directly adjacent.
Examples:
I sit by the window.
Our house is by the river.
BETWEEN
Meaning: in the time or space that separates
Examples:
The shop is between the bank and the trainstation.
She is standing between Peter and John.

BEHIND
Meaning: in back of, to the rear of
Examples:
The church is behind the school.
He is standing behind you.

IN FRONT OF vs. OPPOSITE

Meaning: the opposite of “behind” (when talking about people…see below) or across from
Use: We differentiate between these two prepositions when we are speaking about people. “Opposite” indicates that two
people are facing one another (face to face), while “in front of” implies that one person is a head of the other with their
back to the person behind.
Examples:
The hotel is in front of the station.
The bank is opposite the market.
Laura is standing in front of you.
She is sitting opposite me.
UNDER
Meaning: below or beneath, implying the objectis covered by something
Examples:
The ball is under the chair.
The dog is under the tree.

ABOVE
Meaning: used in making comparisons, implyingat a higher place than
Example:
The clock is above the table.

BELOW
Meaning: used in making comparisons, implyingat a lower place than
Example:
The table is below the clock.
 Will + probably-definitely, might.
 USE

Use Will + probably/definitely or might to talk about different degrees of possibility in the future.

MIGHT 50%
WILL + PROBABLY 75%

WILL + DEFINITELY 95%

 FORM

 Subject + will + probably/definitely + simple verb infinitive.

It will probably rain.

 Subject + probably/definitely + won’t + simple verb infinitive.

Contractions:
It definitely won’t rain.
WILL= ’LL
WIIL NOT= WON’T
 Subject + might + simple verb infinitive.
It might rain.

 Subject + might + not + simple verb infinitive.

It might not rain.
 I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, PASS THE ENGLISH YOU ARE SURE THIS
WILL DEFINITELI
THEY COURSE WILL HAPPEN 100%
I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, PASS THE ENGLISH
YOU ARE QUITE SURE
THEY WILL PROBABILY COURSE
60 – 99%

PASS THE ENGLISH

I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, YOU THINK IS
MIGHT (NOT) COURSE
THEY POSSIBLE 50%

I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, PASS THE ENGLISH

YOU THINK ITS LESS
THEY DEFINITELY WONT COURSE
POSSIBLE 49 – 1%

I, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, WE, PASS THE ENGLISH

PROBABILY WONT YOU ARE SURE THIS
THEY COURSE
WONT HAPPEN 0%

EXAMPLES
Causes
Consequences
Recommendations
Our Climate
Change during
Pandemic
Covid-19