RADIO

INTERFACE
PRESENTED BY

AJITH MOHANAN
 For multiplexing and media accesing we use Um radio interface in gsm system.

GSM implements SDMA using cells with BTS(Base Transceiver Station) and assigns MS(Mobile Stations)
to BTS.
To separate uplink and downlink we use FDD(Frequency division duplex).

 In GSM 900 we use 124 channels each 200 khz wide whereas GSM1800 uses 974 channels for some
technical reasons channels 1& 124 is not used for transmission in GSM900.
32 channels are reserved for organizational data and 90 are used for customers.

Data transmitted in small portions called burst.

In the diagram the burst is only 5465 Ms long and contains 148 bits the remaining 30.5 Ms are used as guard
space to avoid overlapping with other burst due to the path delays and to give the transmitter time to turn off .

Filling the whole slot with data allows transmission of 156.25 bit within 577 M s each.

TDM channel has a raw data rate of 33.8 kbit/s each radio transmitter transmits approximately 270 kbits/s
over Um interface .
GSM TDMA FRAMESLOTS AND BURSTS
The first and last three bits of a normal burst (tail) are all set 0 and can be used to enhance the receiver
performance.

Training sequence In the middle of a slot is used to adapt the parameters of receiver to current path propagation.

A flag indicates wheather the data fields contains user or network control data.

A part from the normal burst we use four more burst for data transmission.

Frequency correction burst:- allows the MS to correct the local oscillator to avoid interface from neighbouring
channels.

Synchronisation burst:- with extended training sequence synchronises them with BTS in time.

Acces burst:- is used for initial connection between MS and BTS.

Dummy burst:- used if no data is available for a slot.

Logical channels and frame hierarchy

 GSM specifies two basic groups of logical channels and control channels.
TRAFFIC CHANNELS
 This channel is used to transmit user data two categories of tch are:-

Full rate TCH.

Half rate TCH.

Full rate TCH:- the standard codes for voice are called full rate FR= 13 kbits/s.

Half rate TCH:- its range is 5.6 kbits/s.

An EFR (Enhanced Full Rate):- provides better voice quantity a FR as long as transmission error is low an
additional increase in voice quality is provided by TFO(Tandom Free Operation) The mode can be used if two MS
exchange voice data.

CONTROL CHANNELS
 many different CCH are used in GSM to control medium access and allocation of traffic channels three groups of
control channels are:-
 Broadcast Control Channel(BCCH):- a BTS uses this channel to signal informations to all MS within a cell eg:-cell
identifies option available within the cell (Frequency Hopping) and frequencies available inside the cell and in
neighbouring cells the information for frequency correction is send through frequency correction channel and
information about time synchronisation via synchronisation channels.
Common control channel:- all information regarding the connection between MS and BS is exchanged via(CCH) for
calls to MS BTS uses paging channel(PCH) if MS want to setup a call it uses Random Acces Channels(RACH) the
collision may occur when RACH implements multiple access using a slotted ALOHA the BTS uses access grant
channel(AGCH) to signal an MS that it can use a TCH or SDCH for further connection setup.
Dedicated control channel(DCCH):- the previous channels was unidirectional but this channel is bidirectional As long
as MS is not established a TCH with the BTS it uses stand alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) with low data rate
for signaling.
Each Tch and SDCCH has a slow associated dedicated control channel(SACCH) which is used to exchange system
information such as channel quality and signal power level.
If more signalling information is to be transmitted fast associated dedicated control channel is used(FACCH).it uses
time slots wich is used by TCH necessary for handover where BTS and MS exchange large amount of data in less time.
PROTOCOLS

The figure shows the architecture of GSM with signalling protocols interfaces.

The physical layer handles the radio specific functions this includes creation of burst according to five formats:-

Multiplexing of burst into TDMA formats.

Synchronization with BTS.

Detection of idle channels.

Measurment of channel quality on download link.

The physical layer at Um uses gmsk fro digital modulation and performs encryption and decryption of data.

Encryption is only done between BSS(Base Station Subsystem) and MS(Mobile Station).

Synchronisation includes correction of individual path difference between MS and BTS

The main problem is RTT(Round Trip Time) an MS close to BTS will have a very short RTT as distance increases
the RTT also increases.

If MS is far away the time slots without correction of large guard spaces would be required to resolve this BTS
sends the RTT to MS which adjust its time so that all MS Burst reach MS within time limits this adjusting is known
as TIMING ADVANCE.
The main task of physical layer is channel coding and error detection.

A channel coding makes extensive use of different forward error correction(FEC) schemes this adds redundancy to
the data which help in detection and correction of errors.
The FEC is the reason why error detection and correction occurs in layer 1 of ISO/OSI reference model.

The GSM tries to correct errors but does not deliever the errorless data in higher levels.

Whenever there is a voice signal occurred the Voice Activity Detection(VAD) is used to transmit it this helps to
decrease the interference.
The lowest layer in the GSM comprises of the following

RR:- Radio Resource Management it is implemented in BTS the functions of RR is supported by BSC via BTSM
(Base Transciever System Management) the main task is setup amintanance and release of radio channels.
MM:- mobility management contains functions for registration authentication identification location updation and
provision of temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI) that replaces international mobile subscriber
identity(IMSI).
Call management contains three entities:-

Call control:- it provides a point to point connection between two terminals and used by higher layers for call
establishment this also supports functions send in Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) this codes are used for
entry in electronic banking.

Short Message Service(SMS) :- it allows for message transfer using control channels like SDDCH and SACCH.

Supplimentary Service (SS):- it offers the services which are described as identification call redirection and
forwarding of ongoing calls.