OBJECTIVES

On completion of this class you would be able to know

• Types of lighting schemes.

•Advantages of lamp fittings.

•Laws of illumination.

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 KNOWN TO UNKNOWN
• Lamps for different situations.

• Glare.

• Requirements of good lighting.

• Types of fittings & advantages.

• Laws of illumination.

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 LAMP FITTINGS
• Reflectors, brackets, bracket holders,
shades,fixtures,globes,diffusers etc are known as lamp
fittings.

• A lamp along with its fittings should be regarded as

lighting unit or luminaries.

• These help to obtain different lighting schemes and

perform the functions of directing the luminous flux,
reducing the observed brightness of lamp and protecting
the lamp.
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 LAMP FITTINGS
TYPES OF LAMP FITTINGS SCHEMES

• Direct lighting.

• Semi-direct lighting.

• General lighting

• Semi-indirect lighting.

• Indirect lighting.
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 LIGHTING SCHEMES
A) Direct lighting:

• In this scheme ,about 90 to 100% of the light from the

source is directed towards the working plane or surface to
be illuminated with the help of suitable reflectors the
remaining goes to other directions..

• The angle of cut off is about 200, below the horizontal line

• The height of the lamp from the working plane should be

two thirds of the lamp spacing.

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A) Direct lighting:

• When they are to be mounted at considerable heights , the

angle of cut off may be 300 to avoid glare and shadows.

• This lighting scheme is used for industrial, decorative and

local lighting.

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B) Semi-direct lighting:

• In this scheme about 60 to 90% of the light from the

source is directed towards the working plane and
remaining goes to other directions for this purpose
translucent reflectors are used.

• This scheme is well suited for commercial applications

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 C) General lighting:

• In this scheme about 40 to 60% of light is directed on the

working plane and remaining goes to other directions.

• It needs translucent reflectors and frequent cleaning.

• These fittings produce uniform light with little shadows, are

suitable for domestic, class rooms, commercial lighting.

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 D) Semi –Indirect Lighting

• In this type of lighting about 10 to 40% of the light from the

source is directed towards working plane, remaining 90 to
60% goes other directions.

• This system reduce faint shadows and are used for decorative
lighting purpose

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E) In direct Lighting

• In this method 0 to 10% of light from the source is directed on

the working plane. The remaining 90 to 100% of light goes to
other direction

• High intensity lamps will be used for this purpose, it will not
produce any glare or shadows and are used for clubs and
restaurants

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ADVANTAGES OF LIGHTING SCHEMES
Direct lighting

• Mounting of Lamps is easy.

• Light emanated from the lamp is fully utilized.

• The objects are clearly visible .

• Domestic and industrialists prefer direct lighting .

• It is cheap.

• Extra fittings are not required .

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 Advantages of Semi-direct Lighting

• Well suited for commercial and advertisement .

• Customers can be attracted.
• Soft shadows can be produced.

Advantages of General Lighting.

• Different lights can be produced by using colour

reflectors.
• Lamps attract the viewers.
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 Advantages of Semi Indirect Lighting

• Lamp fitting of different shapes can be used

• Lamp attracts the viewers.

Advantages of Indirect lighting

• It does not produce any glare or shadows

• Clubs and restaurants prefer this lighting

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 LAWS OF ILLUMUNATION
The following are the two laws of illumination.

1) Inverse square law or first law.

2) Lambert’s cosine law or second law.

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 LAWS OF ILLUMUNATION

1) Inverse square law

It states that ‘the illumination of surface is inversely

proportional to the square of the distance between the
surface and the light source.

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INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Fig.1

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 Contd…
Let S = a point
source

A1,A2, and A3 = Three parallel

surface areas (m2)

d,2d, and 3d = distances of A1,A2,and A3 form point

source (m)
ω = Solid angle (sd)
I = luminous intensity (lumens /steradian)

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 Contd…

For area A1 solid angle ω =

A1/d2
Flux Ф1 on area A1
= luminous intensity X solid angle
A IA1
= I X ω= I X 1 =
d2 d2
Illumination E1 on surface A1
Flux, Ф1 IA1 1 I
= = X  2
lux
Area, A1 d2 A1 (d )

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 Contd…
I
similarly, Illuminati on E 2 on A 2  2
lux
( 2d )
I
Illumination E3 on A 3  2
lux
(3d )

1 1 1
E1 : E 2 : E 3  2 : :
d (2d ) (3d ) 2
2

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 Lambert’s Cosine law
• source

ω ө
h
A ө

c D
Let AB = Surface area normal to source and
B inclined at θ to the vertical axis
= CD Cos θ
CD = Normal to the vertical axis
and inclined at θ to the source.

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 Lambert’s Cosine law • source

ω ө
h
A ө
AB
CD 
cos c D

B
d = distance between the source and surface (m)
h = height of the source from surface (m)
I = Luminous intensity (lm/sd)
ω = solid angle

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 Flux (lm) I
Illumination on surface AB = = d2
Area AB(m2)

Flux (lm)
Illumination on surface CD = Area CD(m2)

Flux (lm) I
Area AB/ cosθ = x cosθ
d2

I
ECD= d2 x cosθ
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 h
cosθ =
d

or d = h
cosθ
Subsisting d value in equation we get,
I
ECD= x cosθ
(h/Cos θ)2
I x cosθ3
ECD=
(h)2

It is also known as cosine cube

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 SUMMARY

We have discussed about

• Types of lighting schemes.

• Advantages of lamp fittings.

• Laws of illumination.

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 QUIZ

1.In _____ lighting scheme about 90 to100 % of the light

from the source is directed towards the working plane.

A) semi-direct.

B) Indirect.

C) direct.

D) semi-indirect

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 QUIZ

2.In _____ lighting scheme about 0 to10 % of the light

from the source is directed towards the working plane.

A) semi-direct.

B) Indirect.

C) direct.

D) semi-indirect

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 QUIZ

3. the illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to

the square of the distance between surface and source.

TRUE

FALSE

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FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

1. State and explain laws of illumination.

2. Mention advantages of lamp fittings.

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