A Presentation on

Two-Dimensional Elasticity Solution of a

Functionally Graded Beam.

By – Revati Vilas Mutha.

Guidance – Dr. A. N. Bambole.
 Content
 Introduction
 Beam Bending Theories
 Formulation of functionally graded straight
beam
 Formulation of functionally graded curved
beam
 Maple software

2
FGM

3
 Euler Bernoulli Beam Bending Theory
engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory

Assumptions :
The two primary assumptions made by the
Bernoulli-Euler beam theory are that
• plane sections remain plane and normal to neutral
axis after bending.
• Beam deformed angles (slopes) are small.

4
5
Timoshenko Beam Bending Theory
Assumption
It assumes that all the points are in the
line but not necessarily they are
perpendicular to neutral axis 
Hence enable the theory to encounter the
shear deformation phenomena and
rotational bending effects

6
 3D Elasticity Theory
Analysis gives the most exact assessment
of state of stress and fulfils equilibrium
equations, compatibility equations and
boundary conditions.
And also serve as benchmark solutions for
the validation of simplified approximate
analysis theories.

7
 1) Formulation-FG Straight Beam
  Consider a Straight Beam of thickness h and length L.
This beam is assumed to be in state of plane strain in X-Z plane.
The bottom surface of beam (z=0) is subjected to the normal traction load
such that :

8
The
  differential equations of equilibrium for straight beam are:
+ =0 + =0

For plain strain condition, The constitutive relation can be given as :

   C  z     
Where Exponential variation of C is assumed.

9
  C110 C120 0 
 0 
 
C  z    exp   z  C 12 C 22 0 
0

 0 0 C 440 
 
Where, is the value of the constitutive constant at the bottom layer of the
straight beam.

10
Strain-Displacement
  relations in the terms of Co-ordinate System for the
present problem can be written as follows:
+

Putting strain displacement relations in constitutive law we get,

u w
 x  C 11  C 13
x z
u w
 z  C 13  C 33
x z
 u w 
 xz  C 55  
 z x 

11
 
Putting above relations in equilibrium equations:

  u w    u w 
C
 11  C 13   C
 55  C 55 0
x  x z  z  z x 
  u w    u w 
C  C  C  C 0
x  55 z 55
x  z  13 x 33
z 

The displacement field which satisfies all the boundary conditions for a
simply supported curved beam can be assumed as:

)
)

12
 The differentiations required of the above displacement field are given
below,
u
 U  z  sin   x  
x
u
 U'  z  cos   x 
z
w
 W  z  cos   x  
x
w
 W '  z  sin   x 
z

After substituting the appropriate relations in the equilibrium equations we

get the system of ordinary differential equations as:

C 110  2U  z   C130  W '  z   C550 U"  z   C550 U'  z   C550 W '  z   C550 W  z   0

C 550  U'  z   C 550  2W  z   C130  U'  z   C130  U  z   C 330 W "  z   C330 W '  z   0

13
The solution of above equation can assumed as and these solutions in above
equations we get:
4
U  z   a e
i1
i
iz

4
W  z   b e
i 1
i
iz

Putting this value in equations , we get :

 C 11
0
 2  C 55
0
 2  C 550   ai e z  C 130   C 55
0
  C 550   bi e  z  0
 C 55
0
  C 130   C 13
0
  ai e z   C 55
0
 2  C 33
0
 2  C 33
0
  bi e z  0

The simplified equations can be written in matrix form as:

  C 11
0
 2  C 550  2  C550  0
C13   C550   C550    ai   z
   e  0
  C 0
55   C 0
13   C 13 
0
C55  C 33  C33    bi 
0 2 0 2 0

14
 For non-trivial solution,
 C 11
0
 2  C 550  2  C55
0
 0
C 13   C 550   C 550  
det  0
  C 0
55   C 0
13   C 13 
0
 C 55  C 33  C 33  
0 2 0 2 0

Characteristic Equation: A 4  B 3  C 2  D  E  0

Where :

A  C 550 C 33
0

B  2C 550 C 33
0

C   C 110 C 33
0
 2  C 550 C550  2  C 550 C 330  2  C130 C 130  2  C 550 C130  2
D  C 110 C 33
0
 2   C550 C550  2   C 550 C 130  2  C130 C130  2   C550 C550  2  2C550 C130  2
E  C 110 C 550  4  C 550 C550  2  C55
0
C 130  2 2

15
Now for plane strain condition, the constitutive matrix can be written as :
 
1    0 
E0 exp   z   
 C  z     1  0 
 1     1  2  
1  2 
 0 0 
 2 

The relation between bi and ai can be given as:

bi  1  2v   i     i   2  1  v   2
ri   
ai  i   1  2v  

The boundary conditions for the simply supported straight beam are:

w  0 , z   w  L, z   0
 xx  0 , z    xx  L, z   0
 xz  x ,0    xz  x ,h   0
 zz  x ,0    p0 sin   x 
 xx  x ,h   0
16
 1I) Formulation-FG Curved Beam
 Consider a functionally graded curved
beam of a total thickness H as shown in
above figure.
Let be the radius of the mid-surface of
the curved beam and the angular span
the beam.
Length of AA’ =

 A polar co-ordinate system is established as:

17
For the direct benefit of reduction of the formulation to the straight beam, a
new co-ordinate system is defined such that:

z  r  R0
 

 z r

The differential equations of equilibrium in absence of the body forces are

given as:
 r 1  r  r   
  ……….1)
0
z R0  z  R0  z
1    r  r
  ..………2)
0
R0  z  z R0  z

18
According to Two-Dimensional Theory of Elasticity, constitutive relations
are:
  r   C 11 C 12 0   r 
    
     C 12 C 22 0     
   0 0 C 44   r 
 r  

  C  z     
Where,
  z 
C  z    C exp    0.5   
0
ij
  H 

 C 11
0 0
C 12 0 
  z   0 
C  z    exp    0.5    C 12 0
C 22 0 
  H 
 0 0 0 
C 44
 

19
Strain-Displacement relations in the terms of Polar Co-ordinate System for
the present problem can be written as follows:
ur
r 
z
1 u ur
  
R0  z  R0  z
u 1 ur u
 r   
z R0  z  R0  z
Putting Strain-Displacement Relations in the Constitutive Equations:

ur  1 u ur 
 r  C 11  C 12   
z R
 0  z   R0  z 
ur  1 u ur 
   C 12  C 22   
z R
 0  z   R0  z 
 u 1 ur u 
 r  C 44    
  z R0  z   R0  z 

20
The displacement field which satisfies all the boundary conditions for a
simply supported curved beam can be assumed as:

ur  HW  z  sin  p   m  where m is the

p  number of half
u  HU  z  cos  p    0  waves.

The differentiations of the above displacement field are given below.

ur
 HW '  z  sin  p 
z
ur
 HW  z  p cos  p 

u
 HU '  z  cos  p 
z
ur
  HU  z  p sin  p 


21
 Putting Constitutive relations in first equilibrium equation and solving,

  ur  1 u ur   1    u 1 ur u  

 C  C 12     C 44    
z  11 z R
 0  z   R0  z   R0  z     z R0  z   R0  z  
C11  C12  ur  C 12  C 22  1 u ur 
      0
R0  z  z  R0  z  R0  z  R0  z 

After calculating all the terms and adding those terms:

d2 d d
0
11
dz
2

dz
   
HC  R0  z  2 W  z   C 110  H    R0  z    R0  z  W  z    C 440 p 2  C 220 H  C 120   R0  z   W  z   Hp C 120  C 440  R0  z  U  z 
dz
 
  C 220  C 440 H  C 120   R0  z   pU  z   0

22
 Putting Constitutive relations in second equilibrium equation and solving,
1   ur  1 u ur      u 1 ur u  
C12  C 22      C 44    
R0  z    z R
 0  z   R 0  z    z    z R0  z   R0  z  
2   u 1 ur u  
 C 44      0
R0  z   z R0  z  R0  z  

After calculating all the terms and adding those terms

d2 d d
0
44
dz
2

dz
   
HC  R0  z  2 U  z   C 440  H    R0  z    R0  z  U  z    C 220 p 2  C 440 H  C 440   R0  z   U  z   Hp C 120  C 440  R0  z  W  z
dz
 
  C 220  C 440 H  C 440   R0  z   pW  z   0

23
Approach 2) –

• displacement field remains same.

• The strain-displacement relationship also remains unchanged.
• Stress-strain relationship being dependent upon constitutive law and
respective derivatives of displacement, field changes as we are
eliminating the dependency of constitutive law on the depth of beam.

24
 Euler-Cauchy’s Differential Equation
 a  R  z  n D n  a  R  z  n 1 D n 1  .....  a  R  z  D  a  F  z   0
 0 0 1 0 n 1 0 n


Above equation is a differential equation with variable coefficients.

So, we have to convert it to linear differential equation with constant
coefficients
Hence Put
 R0  z   r  e t
ln r  t
dr dt 1
 et   et 
dt dr r

25
Also consider,
F  F  t  r  
dF dF dt  t dF 1 dF
 e 
dr dt dr dt r dt
Let
d
D
dt

rDF  r   DF  r 

26
  
Hence by putting

R0+z = r
D= and D=

Thus, two simultaneous equations get converted into following simplified

equations:

C 11j D 2  p 2 C 44j  C 11j  W  z   C 11j p  C 44j p  C 12j pD  C 44j pD  U  z   0

C 11j p  C 44j p  C 12j pD  C 44j pD  W  z   C 44j D 2  p 2C 11j  C 44j  U  z   0

27
 Let us assume that the form of solution is in the following form:
4
W  z    a i e mi t
i 1
4
U  z    bi e mi t
i 1

Thus, two simultaneous equations in terms of arbitrary constants can

be written as:

C11j mi2  p 2C 44j  C 11j  ai e mi t  C 11j p  C 44j p  C 12j pm i  C 44j pm i  bi e mi t  0

C11j p  C 44j p  C 12j pmi  C 44j pm i  ai e mi t  C 44j mi2  p 2C 11j  C 44j  bi e mi t  0

28
 For Non-trivial Solution,

 C 11j mi2  p 2C 44j  C 11j C 11j p  C 44j p  C 12j pm i  C 44j pm i 

det  j 0
 C 11 p  C 44 p  C 12 pm i  C 44 pm i C 44 m i  p C 11  C 44
j j j j 2 2 j j


Solving above equation we get: Am 4

i  Bm i C 0
2

A  C 11j C 44j

B p 2
C  C 
j
12
2
j
11
2

 2C 12j C 44j  2C 11j C 44j

C  C 11j C 44j  p 2 C 11j C 44j  p 2  2 

29
This bi-quardatic order equation can be converted into a quadratic
equation by putting

m i2   i
Hence equation becomes

A i2  B i  C  0

 B  B 2  4 AC  B  B 2  4 AC
i1  i1 
2A 2A

30
 Case
 I: when
 
> 0 this give 4 roots m
The solution can be written as

W  z   a 1 e m1 t  a 2 e m 2 t  a 3 e m 3 t  a 4 e m 4 t
Put
t  ln  R0  z 
So,
W  z   a1  R0  z   a 2  R0  z   a 3  R0  z   a 4  R0  z 
m1 m2 m3 m4

Hence Exact solution for case 1 is given as –

ur  a1  R0  z   a 2  R0  z   a 3  R0  z   a 4  R0  z   sin  p 
 m1 m2 m3 m4

 

u   a1  1  R0  z   a2  2  R0  z   a3  3  R0  z   a4  4  R0  z   cos  p 
m1 m2 m3 m4

  31
 Case
 II: when
 
this give 4 value of imaginary m
The solution of this imaginary form can be written as

W  z   a1e im1t  a2 e im2 t  a 3e im3 t  a 4 e im4 t

Put
t  ln  R0  z 
So,
W  z   a1 cos  m1 ln  R0  z    a 2 cos  m 2 ln  R0  z    a 3 cos  m 3 ln  R0  z    a 4 cos  m 4 ln  R0  z  

Hence exact solution is given as –

 a1 cos  m1 ln  R0  z    a2 cos  m2 ln  R0  z    a 3 cos  m 3 ln  R0  z    

ur    sin  p 
 a4 cos  m4 ln  R0  z   
 
 a1  1 cos  m1 ln  R0  z    a2  2 cos  m2 ln  R0  z    a3  3 cos  m3 ln  R0  z    
u    cos  p 
 a4  4 cos  m4 ln  R0  z   
 
32
We can find the relation between two arbitrary constants and it is given as
follow:

2  mi2  1   p 2  1   
i  
2 p  1  mi   p  1     1  m i 

33
The four arbitrary constants can be calculated using traction boundary
conditions on the top and bottom of the curved beam. We can formulate
simultaneous equations from these boundary conditions

ur  z ,0   ur  z , 0   0
   z ,0      z , 0   0
 H  H 
 r   ,    r  ,   0
 2   2 

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Maple
For isotropic curved beam

For FGM straight beam

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Thank You
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