MESURING INSTRUMENTS

SYLLABUS

Construction and working

1. Dynamo type of wattmeter

2. Single phase Energy Meter

 What is Measuring Instruments ?

 The Instruments used to measure any quantity

are known as measuring Instruments.

 The instruments used for measuring electrical

quantities such as current, voltage, Power,
Energy etc., are called electrical instruments.
Dynamometer Type Wattmeter
Induction Type Single phase Energy Meter
 COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC SYSTEMS

• HVDC Cheaper than HVAC for long distance.

Line Cost AC

Line Cost DC

Terminal Cost DC

Terminal Cost AC

Break Even Distance

COST: HVAC vs. HVDC Transmission

Evaluation of technical considerations

i) Stability limits
ii) Voltage control
iii) Line compensation
iv) Asynchronous operation
 HVDC System Configurations

HVDC
links can
be ●

●
Monopolar links
Bipolar links
broadly ●
Homopolar links

classified
into:
Monopolar Links
Bipolar Links
Homopolar Links
Components of HVDC transmission system

1. CONVERTERS
2. REACTORS
3. FILTERS
4. ELECTRODES
5. DC LINE
6. CIRCUIT
BREAKER
7. REACTIVE
POWER SOURCE
 OPERATION

+
Va T1 T3 T5

Vc Vb Vo

T4 T6 T2
-
6 PULSE RECTIFIER WAVEFORM
 Effect of Control Angel

1
3 α= firing Angle
u u u
a a a μ= Commutation Interval
C

A Vd

B
2
 Simulation model

500kV, 60 Hz 345kV, 50 Hz,

5000 MVA equivalent 10,000 MVA equivalent
DC line 300 km
A A A aA A A Aa A A A
+ +
B B B bB B 0.5 H 0.5 H B Bb B B B

C C C cC C - - C Cc C C C
Brect Binv phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm.
phi = 80 deg. 3rd harm. Rectifier Inverter
DC Fault
A

B
C

C
AC filters AC filters A-G Fault
60 Hz 50 Hz
600 Mvar 600 Mvar

Master Control

Rectifier Master Control Inverter

Control and Protection Control and Protection
 Simulation Results

DC Voltage of HVDC link Active response at generator bus

Active response at load bus AC Voltages at load bus

Active power response at generator Active power response at
bus with 800Km length load us with 800km length

Active power with different length of HVDC and HVAC line.

 Problems associated with HVDC

1. High cost of converter equipment

2. Inability to use transformers to alter voltage levels
3. Generation of harmonics.
4. Requirement of reactive power.
5. Complexity of controls.
 Conclusion

HVDC offers powerful alternative to increase stability of

a power system as well as to improve system operating
flexibility and loss reduction. To keep the losses to a
minimum, the control system shall be designed to keep as
high voltage as possible. For longer distances HVDC is
more useful than HVAC.
 References

1. Meah, Kala, and Sadrul Ula, “Comparative evaluation of HVDC and HVAC transmission
system”, IEEE, 2007

2. G.El-Saady, El-Nobi A.Ibrahim,Ahmed H.Okilly “Analysis and Control of HVDC

Transmission Power System” IEEE, 2016

3. Grain Adam, Khaled Ahmed, Nand Singh, Stephen Finny ,Barry Williams" H-bridge
modular multilevel converter for high voltage application“

4. Thu Win May, Yew Ming Yeap, Student Member, IEEE, and Abhisek Ukil, Senior
Member, IEEE “Comparative Evaluation of Power Loss in HVAC and HVDC
Transmission Systems”

5. E.W. Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission — Volume 1.New York:Wiley Interscience,

1971.

6. K.R. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems. NewYork:Wiley, 1990