Management of Occupational Health and Safety (MOHS) For 3rd Years Nursing Extension Students 2010 Entry

Management of occupational health
and safety (MOHS) for 3rd years

nursing extension students 2010 entry
Ekonia.G
BSC in public health, MSC candidate in nutrition
Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Introduction
Occupational Health: The promotion and

maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental
social well- being of workers in all occupation” and the
WHO considers occupational health service to be
responsible for the total of worker and, if possible, his
or her family (ILO/WHO).
Hazard Identification: This is the process of
examining each work area and work task for the
purpose of identifying all the hazards which are
“inherent in the job”.

HAZARD AND RISK
 HAZARD  RISK
- any source of - the chance or
potential damage, probability that a
harm or adverse person will be
health effects on harmed or
something or experience an
someone under adverse health
certain conditions at effect if exposed to a
work. hazard.

Cont…..
Risk Assessment: Is defined as the process of
assessing the risks associated with each of the hazards
identified so that appropriate control measures can be
implemented based on the probability, i.e. likelihood
that harm, injury or ill health may occur and how
severe the consequences of exposure might be.
Risk Control: This is the process of identifying and
implementing the most cost effective risk control
measures having regard to the Hierarchy of Control
Principle, legislative provisions, and other relevant
information.
Occupational Health is a
multidisciplinary activity aiming at:
Protection and promotion of the health of workers by
eliminating occupational factors and conditions
hazardous to health and safety at work
Enhancement of physical, mental and social well-
being of workers and support for the development and
maintenance of their working capacity, as well as
professional and social development at work
Development and promotion of sustainable work
environments and work organizations

Occupational health covers the following
key components:
The availability of occupational health and safety regulations at
workplace
Monitoring and control of factory hazards to health
Supervision& monitoring of hygiene & sanitary facilities for health
and welfare of the workers
Inspection of health safety of protective devices
Pre-employment, periodical and special health examination.
Provision of First Aid
Health education and safety training to the worker
Advice to employers on the above mentioned items
Reporting of occupational deaths, diseases, injuries, disabilities
,hazards and their related preventive measures at working

Principles of occupational Health and
Safety
The basic principles for the development of occupational
health and safety services are as follows:
 The service must optimally be prevention oriented and
multidisciplinary.
 The service provided should integrate and complement the
existing public health service.
 The service should address environmental considerations
 The service should involve, participation of social partners and
other stakeholders
 The service should base up to date information, education,
training, consultancy, advisory services and research findings
 The service should be considered as an investment contributing
positively towards ensuring productivity and profitability.

Objectives of the Program
 To protect employees from health hazards

 To assure that the job assignment of each worker is
suited to his physical and mental capacity and his
emotional make up
 To assure adequate care and rehabilitation for
occupationally injured or ill
 To contribute to each workers ability to cope with his
own and his family’s health need

Duties of employers and workers
every reasonable precaution is taken to protect the occupational health and

safety of persons at or near the workplace;
any item, device, material, equipment or machinery provided for the use of
workers at a workplace is properly maintained, and is properly equipped with
the safety features or devices, as recommended by the manufacturer or
required by the regulations;
 such information, instruction, training, supervision and facilities are provided
as are necessary to ensure the occupational health and safety of the workers;
 workers and supervisors are familiar with occupational health or safety
hazards at the workplace;
 workers are made familiar with the proper use of all safety features or devices,
equipment and clothing required for their protection; and
the employer’s undertaking is conducted so that workers are not exposed to
occupational health or safety hazards as a result of the undertaking.

Duties of employees
An employee must, while at work, take reasonable care

for the health and safety of people who are at the
employee’s place of work and who may be affected by
the employee’s acts or omissions at work.
An employee must, while at work, co-operate with his
or her employer or other person so far as is necessary
to enable compliance with any requirement that is
imposed in the interests of health, safety and welfare
on the employer or any other person.

The risk assessment procedure can best be
illustrated in the following way

Step 1: Identify the Hazard (spot the
Hazard)
Past incidents/accidents be examined to see what happened and
whether the incident/accident could happen again.
Employees be consulted to find out what they consider are safety
issues, eg. how could an employee be exposed to this hazard?
Work areas or work sites be examined to find out what is happening
now.
Information about equipment (e.g. plant, operating instructions)
and Material Safety Data Sheets be reviewed to see what is said
about safety precautions.
Some creative thinking about what could go wrong takes place, i.e.
what hazardous event could take place here?
NB. Any hazard which is identified by this process should be
recorded for all staff access.
Step 2: Assess the Risks
Identify factors that may be contributing to the risk,

Review health and safety information that is
reasonably available from an authoritative source and
is relevant to the particular hazard,
Evaluate the likelihood of an injury occurring and the
likely severity of an injury or illness that may occur,
Identify the actions necessary to eliminate or control
the risk

Step 3: Evaluating existing risk
controls
Once a risk rating is determined, each hazard must
have its existing risk control measures evaluated using
the Evaluation of Control Effectiveness.

Step 4: Implement additional risk
controls
All hazards that have been assessed should be dealt
with in order of priority in one or more of the
following hierarchy of controls
Eliminate the hazard: remove it from the workplace
Substitute the hazard: substitute a substance,
method or material to reduce the risk or the hazard

Cont…
Isolate or enclose the hazard: separate the hazard from
the workplace, eg: Chemical store room, or laboratory
kept locked except to an authorized person.
Use engineering solutions :Modify existing machinery
or plant or purchase different machinery or plant.
Administrative Procedures: develop work methods to
reduce the conditions of risk, eg: Written Safe Operating
Procedures, Job rotation to restrict hours worked on
difficult jobs, Staff trained in the correct operating
procedures.

Cont….
Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and
training in its use: this should only be used as a last
resort to deal with the hazard, where the hazard
cannot be removed or reduced by any other means
 Handling of chemicals – gloves, safety glasses, aprons.
 Protecting eyes from flying particles.
 Protecting feet – safety boots.

Step 5: Monitor and Review
Hazard identification, risk assessment and control is

an on-going process.
Therefore, regularly review the effectiveness of your
hazard assessment and control measures. Make sure
that you undertake a hazard and risk assessment when
there is a change to the workplace including when
work systems, tools, machinery or equipment change.
Provide additional supervision when new employees
with reduced skill levels or knowledge are introduced
to the workplace.

Work Place Hazards
PHYSICAL
HAZARD
ERGONOMIC CHEMICAL
HAZARD HAZARD
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARD

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Physical Hazards
Noise
Vibration
Extreme Temperature
Illumination
Radiation
NOISE
Types of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)

 temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to loud
noise
 recovery within 16-48 hrs
Permanent Threshold Shift

 irreversible loss of hearing

NOISE
Early Signs of Hearing Loss
 Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a
noisy environment
 Need to be near or look at the person speaking
to help understand words
 Familiar sounds are muffled
 Complaints that people do not speak clearly
 Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

VIBRATION
Physical factor which affects man by transmission
of mechanical energy from oscillating sources
Types
Segmental vibration
Whole body vibration

Segmental Vibration:
 Health Effects:
—Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
—tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
—pain

Whole Body Vibration:
Health effects:
Fatigue
Irritability
Headache
Disorders of the spine

EXTREME TEMPERATURE
Sources of heat stress:
Natural Conditions
Hot work processes related to furnaces, kilns,
boilers and smelting

Health Effects of Heat Stress
Disorders Clinical features
Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash
Heat cramps Cramps in the body,

usually legs
Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack,

blurring of vision, cold,
clammy and sweaty skin
Heat stroke Cyanosis, muscle
twitchings, disorientation,
delirium, convulsions
EXTREME TEMPERATURE
Sources of Cold Environment:
 Ice plants and freezers in the food industry

Health Effects of Cold Temperature
 Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized

burning pain and numbness.
Fingers, toes, cheeks, nose, ears are
most susceptible.
 trench foot or immersion foot:

numbness, pain, cramps, ulceration
and gangrene.

RADIATION
Types Sources Health Effects
Ionizing X-rays Cancer, congenital
Gamma rays defects, death
Non-ionizing Ultraviolet skin redness, premature

skin ageing, and skin
cancer
Infrared corneal and conjunctival
burns, retinal injury,
cataract
Laser
Skin and eye problem
Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in

08/08/2020
Nutrition
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Chemical Hazards
Routes of entry into the body
Inhalation Skin Contact
Ingestion
Chemical Hazards
Routes of excretion
Gastro-intestinal Renal (urine) Respiratory Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

(feces) (exhalation)
Chemical Hazards
Classification of Toxic Effects
 Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact
 Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may

involve many organ systems
 Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days)

after an exposure
 Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific

organ systems; occurs many months or years to have
recognizable clinical disease
Chemical Hazards
Health Effects
 Renal Diseases
 Respiratory Diseases
 Skin Diseases
 Hematologic Diseases
 Cardiovascular Diseases
 Neurologic Diseases
 Carcinogenic
 Teratogenic

Chemical Hazards
Effects Chemical Agent Industry/Process
Renal Diseases: Battery, chemical

acute/chronic renal Mercury, cadmium, industries,
failure chloroform pesticide
Respiratory Diseases:
Irritation, inflammation Solvents, ammonia Chemical industries
Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction,

sandblasting, coal
Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining

08/08/2020
Nutrition
Chemical Hazards
Blood Diseases:
Anemia Lead Battery mfg., lead
smelting
Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.
Skin Diseases:
Allergic/contact Plastic epoxides Plastic, varnish
dermatitis
Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool

operators
Skin Cancer Arsenic, tar Petroleum refinery

08/08/2020
Nutrition
Chemical Hazards
Liver Disease:
Acute liver toxicity Carbon Cleaning fluids, dry
tetrachloride cleaners
Liver cancer Vinyl chloride Plastics & vinyl
chloride mfg.
Cardiovascular Disease:
Hypertension Lead, Cadmium Battery mfg. &
recycling
Atherosclerosis Carbon disulfide Degreasing, dry
cleaning
Arrythmias Fluorocarbon, Refrigeration, solvent
trichloroethylene workers

08/08/2020
Nutrition
BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
VIRUSES FUNGI
BACTERIA PARASITES

Selected Infectious Diseases and
Occupations
Agent / Disease Occupation
Colds, influenza, scarlet fever, May be contracted anywhere
diphtheria, smallpox
Tuberculosis Silica workers, people exposed
to heat and organic dusts, and
medical personnel
Anthrax Animal handlers and handlers

of carcasses, skins, hides, or
hair of infected animals,
including wool carpet
processors and handlers.

Occupations
Ringworm (in horses, cattle, Pet shop salesmen, stockmen,

deer, pigs, cats, dogs, birds) breeders of cats and dogs, and
other animal handlers
Tetanus Farmers (spores in soil) or

anyone in contact with manure.

Occupations

Psittacosis (in parrots, Pet shop personnel, gardeners,
parakeets, pigeons, ducks, housewives, veterinary
turkeys, chickens, etc.) surgeons, and researchers.
Hookworm Miners, agricultural laborers,

planters of sugar, tobacco, tea,
rice and cotton, and brick and
tunnel workers.

Occupations

Rabies (e.g. dogs, bats, rats, Veterinarians, letter carriers,
pigs, cats) laboratory research workers,
agricultural workers.
Fungus Farmers, outdoor workers,

animal handlers

Body Fluids with High Viral Load
Blood
Semen
Vaginal and cervical mucus
Breastmilk
Amniotic fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid

Modes of Transmission
 Unprotected penetrative sex
— semen, blood, vaginal secretions
 Blood transfusion on infected blood and blood products
 Sharing needles among
I.V. drug users

 Vertical/perinatal
— mother to infant
 Breastfeeding

Prevention of HIV Infection
REMEMBER ABCDE!
 Abstinence
 Be Faithful
 Condom
 Do not inject
Drugs/no sharing of
needles
 Education

ERGONOMIC HAZARDS

ERGONOMICS
Goal
to reduce work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) developed by workers
MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect

muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints
or spinal discs.

ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
Painful joints
Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists,
forearms, shoulders, knees and feet
Shooting or stubbing pains
Swelling or inflammation

ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs
Fingers or toes turning white

Back or neck pain
Stiffness

Risk Factor: ERGONOMICS
Static
posture

Forceful exertion
Extreme range of motion

Awkward posture

STRESS

STRESS
The harmful physical and emotional responses

that occurs when the requirements of the job do
not match the capabilities, resources or needs of
the worker.

STRESS
Manifestations of Stress
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGICAL BEHAVIORAL
 Fatigue  
Heart rate Drug use
 Anxiety  
Blood pressure Alcohol intake
 Tension  Indigestion  Heavy smoking
 Irritability  Impulsive emotional
 Depression

behavior
Boredom
 Inability to
concentrate
 Low esteem
 Poor work & family
relationship
 Social isolation
 Family abandonment
 Sleep problems
work emergency procedure
A workplace emergency is an unforeseen situation that

threatens your employees, customers or the public. It
may disrupt or shut down your operations. It may
cause physical or environmental damage. Emergencies
may be natural or manmade.

Cont…..
They include events such as the following:

fire
 fuel spillage
 gas leaks
 explosions
 road accidents
 injury from machinery and equipment
 fall, climbing accident
 swimming or diving accident
 snake bite or poisoning
 equipment failure
 lost workmates
 emergencies requiring evacuation
 hazardous substances and chemical spills
 serious injury events or medical emergencies
 bomb threats
 civil disorder or criminal acts such as robberies and shootings
 hostage situations or terrorism

First Aid Facilities
First-aid” is the assessment and interventions that can

be performed by a first aider during an emergency with
minimal equipment until appropriate medical
personnel arrive. The life of an injured or ill worker or
member of the public within the vicinity of the
workplace may depend on proper first-aid being given
within the first few minutes of an accident or an illness.
Besides saving lives, first-aid treatment is important in
preventing further complications from injury and pain
and in promoting recovery. It is also important for
minor injuries such as burns, sprains, cuts, etc.
Cont….
 The aims of first aid are to:

Preserve life;
 Prevent illness or injury from becoming worse;
 Reduce pain;
 Promote recovery; and
Care of unconscious.

Cont….
When deciding on the number of first-aiders, first-aid
box, first-aid room and first-aid equipment for the
workplace, the following factors should be considered:
 Type of industry
 Number of workers
 Number of work shifts
 Location of workplace and status of infrastructure in
relation to the nearest medical clinic or hospital steps

First aid kit
Basic first aid notes

Disposable gloves
Resuscitation mask
Individually wrapped sterile adhesive dressings
Sterile eye pads(packet)
Sterile coverings for serious wounds
Triangular bandages
Safety pins
Small sterile unmediated wound dressings
Medium sterile unmediated wound dressings
Large sterile unmediated wound dressings
Non -allergenic tape
Rubber thread scissors
Tweezers
Suitable book for recording
Sterile saline solution
Plastic bags for disposal

Hospital Emergency Codes
Hospital Emergency Codes are used in hospitals
worldwide to alert staff to various emergency
situations. The use of codes is intended to convey
essential information quickly and with a minimum of
misunderstanding to staff, while preventing stress or
panic among visitors to the hospital. These codes may
be posted on placards (posters) throughout the
hospital, or printed on employee/staff identification
badges for ready reference.

Cont…..
Code Blue has been recommended for Heart or
Respiration Stopping both Adult and Pediatric.
Red Selected for Fire -The color red was selected
because it is the universal color for fire and easy for
staff to remember. A Code RED alarm may be initiated
automatically by electronic fire detection equipment
in the facility.

Cont….
Orange Selected for Hazardous Materials Spill or Release
Code ORANGEis called if there is a hazardous material
spill/release that is likely to cause injury or illness, and
may result in exposure that exceeds state or federal
exposure limits, or may harm the environment.A major
spill is a hazardous spill, which is likely to cause unknown
effects, injury, and illness or harm the environment.
Gray Selected for Combative Person-Combative or
abusive behavior can be displayed by patients, staff, or
visitors and can escalate into a more violent episode.
Recognizing early warning signs are critical.

Cont…..
Silver Selected for Weapon or Hostage Situation -Silver is
the color of a gun which makes it easy for staff to remember for
person with weapon or hostage situation. It is important to note
that anyone can engage in hostile or violent behavior: patients,
patients’ family members, staff, staff family members, or
acquaintances of employees and patients. When staff are
concerned about their own safety or the safety of others and
suspects that someone is brandishing a weapon, they are to call
a CODE SILVER. Patients, visitors or staff are at risk of being
confronted by a person with a weapon or of being involved in a
hostage situation. If such a situation arises, staff members
should not attempt to intervene or negotiate.

Cont…..
Amber Selected for Infant or Child Abduction
Amber is the color used for infant and child abduction
nationally by law enforcement and is easy for staff and
visitors to remember. It is also used by many of the
states that have standardized emergency code calls.

Management of Occupational Health and Safety (MOHS) For 3rd Years Nursing Extension Students 2010 Entry

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Management of Occupational Health and Safety (MOHS) For 3rd Years Nursing Extension Students 2010 Entry

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Management of occupational health

and safety (MOHS) for 3rd years

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Occupational Health: The promotion and

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

 To protect employees from health hazards

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

every reasonable precaution is taken to protect the occupational health and

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

An employee must, while at work, take reasonable care

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Identify factors that may be contributing to the risk,

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Hazard identification, risk assessment and control is

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Temporary Threshold Shift (auditory fatigue)

Permanent Threshold Shift

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Sources of heat stress:

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Prickly Heat (Miliaria rubra) Pruritic rash

Heat cramps Cramps in the body,

Heat exhaustion Dizziness, fainting attack,

 Ice plants and freezers in the food industry

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

 Frostbite: reddening of skin, localized

 trench foot or immersion foot:

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Non-ionizing Ultraviolet skin redness, premature

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Gastro-intestinal Renal (urine) Respiratory Skin (sweat, hair, nails)

 Local toxicity- occurs at the site of chemical contact

 Systemic toxicity- occurs distant from point of contact, may

 Acute toxicity- occurs almost immediately (hours/days)

 Chronic toxicity- represents cumulative damage to specific

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Renal Diseases: Battery, chemical

Pneumoconiosis Inorganic dust Mining, construction,

Cancer Chromium Plating, metal refining

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in

Aplastic anemia Benzene Solvent & soap mfg.

Acne Cutting oils, grease Machine-tool

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020

Ekonia.G BSC PH , Msc candidate in Nutrition 08/08/2020