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Chapter 5 - Design For Different Types of Loading
Chapter 5 - Design For Different Types of Loading
Types of Loading
• Part 1 – Types of stress and loading, stress
ratio, endurance strength, design factors
• Part 2 – Failure theories
Time
Dynamic Stress:
• Loads that vary during normal service of the product produce dynamic
stress.
• Dynamic stress can be cyclic or random.
• High cycle fatigue – part subject to millions of stress cycles.
max min
m = Mean stress
2
min
R = R value:
min
R 1
max
The average or mean stress is zero.
Cyclic loading. (a) Very low amplitude acoustic vibration. (b) High-cycle fatigue: cycling well
below general yield, y. (c) Low cycle fatigue: cycling abovegeneral yield (but below the tensile strength ts).
Top View
Specimen
Fatigue Testing Test Data
Stress, (ksi)
Valve
Closed
Valve
RBE
Open
2/1/91
max min
m
2
Partially Reversed w/ Tensile Mean
• Case 2:
max min
a
2
max min
m
2
max min
m
2
max min
m
2
A
Crack
nucleation
and Growth
The endurance limit plotted against the tensile strength. Almost all materials
fail in fatigue at stresses well below the tensile strength.
Design Factor
• Analysis Failure Strength
Factor of Safety
Applied Stress
Sy
Example : N
• Design
Failure Strength
Allowable Stress
Design Factor
Sy
Example : ALLOW
N
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application
• Environment
• Loads
• Types of Stresses
• Material
• Confidence
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • How many will be produced?
• Environment • What manufacturing methods will be
• Loads used?
• Types of Stresses • What are the consequences of
• Material failure?
• Confidence •Danger to people
•Cost
• Size and weight important?
• What is the life of the component?
• Justify design expense?
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • Temperature range.
• Environment • Exposure to electrical voltage or
• Loads current.
• Types of Stresses • Susceptible to corrosion
• Material • Is noise control important?
• Confidence
• Is vibration control important?
• Will the component be protected?
•Guard
•Housing
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • Nature of the load considering all
• Environment modes of operation:
• Startup, shutdown, normal
• Loads operation, any foreseeable
• Types of Stresses overloads
• Material • Load characteristic
• Confidence • Static, repeated & reversed,
fluctuating, shock or impact
• Variations of loads over time.
• Magnitudes
• Maximum, minimum, mean
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • What kind of stress?
• Environment • Direct tension or compression
• Loads • Direct shear
• Bending
• Types of Stresses • Torsional shear
• Material • Application
• Confidence • Uniaxial
• Biaxial
• Triaxial
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • Material properties
• Environment • Ultimate strength, yield strength,
• Loads endurance strength,
• Types of Stresses
• Ductility
• Material • Ductile: %E 5%
• Confidence • Brittle: %E < 5%
• Ductile materials are preferred for
fatigue, shock or impact loads.
Factors Effecting Design Factor
• Application • Reliability of data for
• Environment • Loads
• Loads • Material properties
• Stress calculations
• Types of Stresses
• Material • How good is manufacturing quality
control
• Confidence
• Will subsequent handling, use and
environmental conditions affect the
safety or life of the component?
Recommended Design Factors
Confidence in material
properties, analysis,
loads, the environment,
etc.
See Mott,
pages 185 - 186
Design Factor