Statistics

MODULE 1

Definition of Terms
STATISTICS is a scientific body of knowledge
that deals with

collection of data

organization or presentation of data

analysis and interpretation of data
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS is a
statistical procedure
concerned with
describing the
characteristics and
properties of a group of
persons, places or things;
it is based on facts; can
be easily verified
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS is a
statistical procedure that
is used to draw
inferences for a large
group of people, places
or things on the basis of
the information obtained
from a small portion of a
large group.
Look at this headline…
Who were surveyed by SWS?
Is there anyone among us who was a respondent
in this research? Why do you think SWS
was able to conclude that 76% of Pinoys back
US troops?
Population (N)=Filipinos

Sample (n)=Filipino adults

 POPULATION refers to a large
collection of objects, places or things
• Parameter is any numerical value which describes a population
Ex. 1) There are 8,756 students enrolled in Nursing
N = 8,756
2) The average age of Nursing students is 20.

A  20
 SAMPLE is a small portion or part of a population; a
representative of the population in a research study

• Statistic is any numerical value which describes a sample

Ex. 1. Of the 8,756 students enrolled in Nursing,
2,893 are Male n = 2,893
2. The average age of male students is 21

X  21
What to do: Do not copy the problem. Just write the letter of your
answer but you need to explain/justify your choice; explain also why you
did not choose the other 3 options.
A Car Company wants to know the 3 features of cars
that are most important to licensed drivers in the
Philippines. The Company telephones 100 Alabang residents
and asks a series of questions. Which of these is the
population in their survey?
A] all licensed drivers in Alabang
B] all residents in Alabang
C] all licensed drivers in the Philippines
D] all residents of the Philippines
1] My answer is letter “A” because…
2] Not B because …
3] Not C because …
4] Not D because …
What to do: Do not copy the problem. Just write the letter of your
Answer but you need to explain/justify your choice; explain also
Why you did not choose the other 3 options.
Ans: [C] all licensed drivers in the Philippines. Since the
A Car Company
company wants towants to know
know the 3 featuresthe
of 3cars
features
that areofmost
cars
that are most
important important
to licensed driverstoinlicensed driversthen
the Philippines, in the
the
Philippines.
population in The
this Company telephones 100 Alabang residents
and asks a series of questions. Which of these is the
research should
population be ALL
in their LICENSED DRIVERS in the Phils.
survey?
1] Not A, because Alabang is not the whole Philippines
A] all licensed drivers in Alabang
B] all
2] Not B, residents in Alabang
because it consists not only licensed drivers but all
C] all licensed drivers in the Philippines
residents of Alabang
D] all residents of the Philippines
3] Not D, because it consists not only licensed drivers but all
residents of the Philippines
DATA are facts, or set of information
gathered or under study
Qualitative data are attributes which cannot be subjected to
meaningful arithmetic. Ex. gender

Quantitative data are numerical in nature and therefore

meaningful arithmetic can be done. Ex. age
Your group is tasked to conduct a survey on the economic status of
JRU students. What do you think are the information or data you
need to gather which will help you in this research? Justify your
answer!
-gender
-civil
status
-address
-religion
-age -educational
-weekly
allowance attainment of
-income of parents
parents -jobs of parents
-
-previous
schools attended
-lifestyles
 Data Type: QN/QL
1. weekly allowance
2. income of parents
3. gender
4. civil status
5. religion
6. age
7. address
8.educational attainment of parents
9. jobs/occupation of parents
10. schools previously attended
Quantitative data are numerical in nature and therefore
meaningful arithmetic can be done.

-Discrete data assume exact values only and can be

obtained by counting. Ex. number of students
-Continuous data assume infinite values within a
specified interval and can be obtained by measurement.
Ex. height
Constant is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
similar to each other.
Ex. Gender in a class of all boys is constant

Researchers are not interested in constants

Since they do not make the subjects of research
Different from one another.
Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
They are specifically interested in VARIABLES!
different from each other.
Ex. Gender in a coed school is variable
Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
different from each other.

-nominal: numbers do not mean anything, they just label

Ex. SSS number
gender (Male=1 & Female=0)

-ordinal: numbers are used to label + rank

Ex. Size of T-shirt
Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
different from each other.

-interval: numbers are used to label + rank; Do not have

a true zero
Ex. temperature
-ratio: numbers are used to label + rank + equal unit
of interval; Have true zero
Ex. number of votes
Variable is a characteristic or property of a population or sample which makes the members
different from each other.

-dependent: a variable which is affected by another

variable
Ex. test scores
-independent: a variable which affects the dependent
variable
Ex. number of hours spent in studying