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Product and Feature

Description
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Position in Networks
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Position in Networks

 The OptiX BWS 1600G system can be deployed in point-to-point, linear and ring networks. As
a piece of equipment used at the backbone layer, it connects main cities to carry heavy traffic
of optical switching equipment, metropolitan area network (MAN) DWDM equipment, SDH
equipment or routers. It provides transmission channels with large capacity for services and
network outlets.
 Currently, the OptiX BWS 1600G can multiplex up to 192 service channels in a single
fiber.That is, it can transmit 192 carrier signals of different wavelengths. Maximum rate of
each signal is 10 Gbit/s. In this way, the OptiX BWS 1600G realizes 1920 Gbit/s transmission
in two directions with two fibers. The maximum rate of a single channel reaches 40 Gbit/s.
When the rate of a single channel is 40 Gbit/s, the system supports a maximum of 80 channels.
In this mode, the system capacity reaches 3200 Gbit/s.
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Classification of Bands

 80-Channel System in C Band

The C band provides 80 channels with a minimum of 50 GHz channel spacing. The C band is divided as follows:
C_EVEN: 192.100 THz–196.000 THz (1529.55 nm–1560.61 nm)
C_ODD: 192.150 THz–196.050 THz (1529.16 nm–1560.20 nm)
 96-Channel System in C-Band
The extended C band consisting of 96 channels is divided as follows. The minimum channel spacing is 50GHz.
C_EVEN: 191.300 THz - 196.000 THz (1529.55 nm - 1567.13 nm)
C_ODD: 191.350 THz - 196.050 THz (1529.16 nm - 1566.72 nm)
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Classification of Bands

 192-Channel System in C-Band

The extended C band consisting of 192 channels is divided into four sections.
The C band consisting of 192 channels is divided as follows. The minimum channel spacing is 25 GHz.
C_EVEN: 191.300 THz - 196.000 THz (1529.55 nm - 1567.13 nm)
C_ODD: 191.350 THz - 196.050 THz (1529.16 nm - 1566.72 nm)
C_EVEN_PLUS: 191.325 THz - 196.025 THz (1529.36 nm - 1566.93 nm)
C_ODD_PLUS: 191.375 THz - 196.075 THz (1528.97 nm - 1566.52 nm)
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Transmission Capacity

 The transmission capacity varies with the system type.

 The system meets the demands for bandwidth of operators to the best extent by accessing:
192 channels with 10 Gbit/s rate of each channel
80 channels with 40 Gbit/s rate of each channel
 The system adopts of modular design. The access capacity can be expanded easily. The system expansion
from 40->80->120->160 wavelengths can be realized. The extended C band can also be used to obtain extra
20% transmission capacity. In this case, a maximum of 192 wavelengths are available. The system upgrade
is achieved by increasing the number of wavelengths easily. This design enables carriers to invest and
construct the backbone transmission network phase by phase according to the actual needs.
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Transmission Capacity
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Transmission Capacity
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Enhanced Subrack
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Independent OLA Subrack
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Slot Distribution
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Function Boards

 Optical transponder board

 Optical multiplexer and demultiplexer board
 Optical add and drop multiplexing board
 Optical amplifier board
 Optical Spectrum analyzer board
 Variable optical attenuator board
 Optical power and dispersion slope equalizing board
 Optical fiber automatic monitoring board
 Protection board
 System control and communication board ptical supervisory channel and timing
transmission board
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Positions of the boards in the system
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Software Architecture
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Board Software

 It receives the command issued from the NE software and reports the board status
to the NE software through performance events and alarm.
 The specific functions include:
 Alarm management
 Performance management
 Configuration management
 Communication management
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NE Software

 The NE software manages, monitors and controls the boards operations in the NE.
In addition,the NE software functions as a communication service unit between the
U2000 and the boards, so that the U2000 can control and manage the NE.
 The real-time multitasking function of the NE software realizes the management
of public resources to support the application of executable programs.It isolates the
application programs from the processor and provides an application program
execution environment, which is independent of the processor hardware.
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NE Software

 The communication module is the interface module between NE software and board software.
 The NS module is between the communication module and the equipment management module. It
converts the data format between the user operation side (at the application layer) and the NE equipment
management layer, and provides security control for the NE layer.
 The equipment management module is the core of the NE software for the NE management.
 The high-level communication module provides the message communication function(MCF) between the
functional blocks of the transmission network equipment. The module transmits the OAM&P messages
through the hardware interface of the SCC board to realize the information exchange between the network
management system and NE and the information exchange between NEs.
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Network Management System

 The NM system implements a unified management over the optical transmission network, and
maintains all OSN, SDH, Metro, SLM, DWDM NE equipment in the network.
 The NM software runs on a workstation or PC, managing the equipment and the transmission
network to help to operate, maintain and manage the transmission equipment.
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System Configuration

OTM (C Band)
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Configuration of the C800G OTM
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System Configuration

OTM (LHP)
 The OTM of the LHP system is configured with a high booster amplifier (HBA) at the
transmit end and optical amplifier units (OAU) at the receive end.
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System Configuration
OLA
 The OLA amplifies bidirectional optical signals and compensates for the fiber link attenuation
to extend the transmission distance without regeneration.
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System Configuration
REG
 The REG equipment is an electrical regenerator and is used to further extend the optical
transmission distance.
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Optical Line Protection
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Optical Line Protection

 The OLP at the transmit end sends signals to the working line fiber and the protection line fiber at the same
time. The OLP at the receive end detects the optical power of line signals, makes comparison, and sends the
line signals transmitted over the working line fiber from the RI1 optical port to the FIU.
 When the OLP at the receive end detects that the optical power of the line signals transmitted over the
working line fiber is abnormal and the difference of the optical powers in the working and protection
channels exceeds 5 dB, it sends the signals transmitted from the RI2 optical port to the FIU. The line signals
are automatically switched to the protection line fiber. Although the working line fiber is abnormal, services
are not interrupted.
 After the recovery of the working line fiber, the OLP at the receive end detects that the optical power of the
line signals transmitted over the working line fiber is normal. Based on the pre-configuration made on the
U2000, the line signals can be switched back to the working line fiber, or still remain in the protection line
fiber.
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Extended Intra-Board Wavelength Protection
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Extended Intra-Board Wavelength Protection

 The extended intra-board wavelength protection adopts an OTU board and an

OLP/DCP/CP40 board that supports dual-fed single receiving to protect WDM-side services.
 The trigger conditions for automatic switching of the extended intra-board wavelength
protection are as follows:
1- The signal failure (SF) is a trigger condition.(R_LOS,R_LOF,OUT_LOF,OUT_AIS)
2- The signal degraded (SD) is a trigger condition.(B1_EXC, SM_BIP8_OVER, and
PM_BIP8_OVER.)
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Extended Intra-Board Wavelength Protection

 In normal cases, the OLP/DCP/CP40 at the transmit end splits the services of the OTU into two and sends
them respectively to the active channel and the standby channel.
 The services in the active route and the standby route reach the receive end at the same time. The
OLP/DCP/CP40 board at the receive end detects the status of the signals in the active channel. If the active
channel is normal, the service signals travel into the OUT through the active channel and are sent to the
client side.
 When the OLP/DCP/CP40 board at the receive end detects that the status of the signals in the active
channel is not qualified, the OLP board automatically switches the signals to the standby channel. This
ensures that the services do not fail when the active channel is abnormal.
 When the power fault in the active channel is removed, the OLP/DCP/CP40 board at the receive end
detects normal status in the active channel signals. According to the existing configuration in the NM
system, the service signals can switch back to the active channel or remain in the standby channel.
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1+1 Wavelength Protection at Client
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1+1 Wavelength Protection at Client

 Normally, the SCS at the transmit end splits each signal into two channels. Then it sends them
to the working OTU (OTU1) and the protection OTU (OTU2).

 The services transmitted by the working and the protection wavelength routes reach the
receive end at the same time. The SCC at the receive end controls the OTU1 and the OTU2
based on the detection information reported by the OTU. All the NPE side lasers of the OTU1
function normally. All the NPE side lasers of the OTU2 are shut down. Only the signals
transmitted by the working wavelength channel are sent to the NPE side equipment through
the SCS.
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1+1 Wavelength Protection at Client

 When a certain signal on the NPE side of the OTU1 is faulty, the switching is only upon the
faulty signal instead of the submarine side. The NPE side laser of the OTU1 for this channel is
shut down. Thus, for this channel of services, only the signals transmitted by the protection
wavelength route are sent to the SCS. All the other channels of signals are not switched to the
protection wavelength route. They are still transmitted by the working wavelength route.
 After the recovery of the working wavelength route, service signals transmitted by the
protection wavelength route can be switched back to the OTU1 or not based on the
preconfiguration made on the U2000.
 The 1+1 wavelength protection at client can be regarded as one type of inter-board wavelength
protection, switching only some, instead of all, client side services to the protection OTU.
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Inter-Board Wavelength Protection

 The inter-board wavelength protection scheme adopts two wavelengths: one is the working wavelength, and the other
is the protection wavelength. The two wavelengths adopt different routes to transmit signals to protect the client
services.
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Inter-Board Wavelength Protection

 In normal conditions, the SCS at the transmit end divides the incoming client signals and feeds
the signals into the working OTU (OTU1) and the protection OTU (OTU2).
 The signals carried by the working wavelength and those carried by the protection wavelength
reach the receive end at the same time. The SCC at the receive end controls the OTU1 and
OTU2 based on the detection information reported by the OTU. The NPE side laser of the
OTU1 works normally. The NPE side laser of the OTU2 is shut down . Only the signals carried
by the working wavelength are transmitted to the SCS. The SCS sends the working signals to
the NPE side equipment.
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Inter-Board Wavelength Protection

 When the OTU1 at the receive end detects the failure of the signals carried by the working
wavelength, the SCC directs the OTU2 to turn on its NPE side laser if the trigger condition is
met. The NPE side laser of the OTU1 is shut down. Only the signals carried by the protection
wavelength are transmitted to the SCS. The SCS sends the protection signals to the NPE side
equipment.

 After the recovery of the working wavelength route, service signals can be switched back to
the OTU1 or not based on the pre-configuration made on the NM.
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Inter-Board Wavelength Protection

 The trigger conditions for the inter-board wavelength protection automatic switching are
as follows:

 The board is offline, including the following situations: Removing or cold resetting the board.

 There is a signal failure (SF) condition. SF includes the following board-side alarms: R_LOS,
R_LOF, MS_AIS, OTU_AIS, OTU_LOF, ODU_AIS, ODU_OCI, ODU_LCK and REM_SF
alarms.
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Inter-Subrack 1+1 Optical Channel Protection

 The inter-subrack 1+1 optical channel protection scheme adopts two wavelengths: one is the working wavelength,
and the other is the protection wavelength. The two wavelengths adopt different routes located in the different
subracks to transmit signals to protect the client services.
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Inter-Subrack 1+1 Optical Channel Protection

 Normally, the OLP at the transmit end divides the incoming client signals and feeds the signals
into the working OTU (OTU1) and the protection OTU (OTU2).

 Signals transmitted by the working and the protection wavelength routes reach the receive end.
The OTU detects the signals. If the signals are normal, both the working and the protection
OTUs send signals to the OLP. The OLP compares the optical power of the signals, and then
transmit the signals sent from the working OTU to the client side equipment.
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Inter-Subrack 1+1 Optical Channel Protection

 When the OTU1 at the receive end detects abnormal signals, the information is reported to the
SCC. The SCC controls the OTU1 and the OTU2. The client side laser of the OTU1 is shut
down. The client side laser of the OTU2 functions normally. Only the signals transmitted by
the protection wavelength route are sent to the OLP unit. The OLP unit compares the optical
power of signals and detects that no signals are transmitted by the working wavelength route.
Thus, only the signals transmitted by the protection wavelength route are sent to the client side
equipment.
 After the recovery of the working wavelength route, service signals can be switched back to
the OTU1 or not based on the pre-configuration made on the U2000.
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1:N Optical Channel Protection

 The 1:N (N≤8) optical channel protection scheme adopts one wavelength to protect N (N≤8) working wavelengths to
protect client services.
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1:N Optical Channel Protection

 In normal conditions, N channels of client signals are sent by the OCP to N working OTUs. The first
working channel is selected to be sent to the protection OTU at the same time. Thus, N+1 wavelengths carry
signals in the transmission.
 When the signals carried by the N+1 wavelengths reach the receive end, only N working OTUs send signals
to the OCP. The SCC directs the protection OTU to shut down the client-side laser. Thus, the protection OTU
does not send signals to the OCP. The OCP sends the signals carried by N working wavelengths to the client-
side equipment.
 When one working OTU at the receive end detects a signal failure of the working wavelength route, it
informs the SCC. After confirmation, the SCC initiates the protection switching and sends switching request
to the transmit end through the OTU in the reverse protection path. The SCC at the transmit end receives the
request sent by the receive end, and then it sends the confirmation information to the receive end by the
protection path.
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1:N Optical Channel Protection

 The receive end receives the confirmation information. Under the control of the SCC, the OCP switches the
protected client service to the protection OTU; the client-side laser of the protection OTU is turned on; and
the client-side laser of the protected OTU is shutdown. At the same time, the SCC unit sends information to
the transmit end through the OTU in the reverse protection path to confirm the switching.
 The SCC at the transmit end receives the confirmation information. Under the control of the SCC at the
transmit end, the client-side laser of the protected OTU is shut down; the client-side laser of the protection
OTU is turned on; and the OCP switches the protected client service to the protection OTU.
 When the protected OTU at the receive end detects the recovery of signals, it restores services to the
protected OTU. The process of recovery is similar to the process of switching. All 1:N (N≤8) optical channel
protection is revertive.
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1:N Optical Channel Protection

 The trigger conditions for the 1:N (N≤8) optical channel protection switching are as
follows:

 The board is offline, including the following situations: Removing or cold resetting the board.

 There is a signal failure (SF) condition. SF includes the following board-side alarms :
R_LOS, R_LOF, MS_AIS, OTU_AIS, OTU_LOF, ODU_AIS, ODU_OCI and ODU_LCK
alarms.
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Intelligent Power Adjustment (IPA)

 The system provides the intelligent power adjustment (IPA) function. When there is a fiber break on the
line, the downstream optical amplifier is shutdown to prevent exposed optical fibers hurting human body.
 an IPA pair is configured between stations A and B. When a fiber break occurs on the link between stations A and B,
the IPA starts and the optical amplifier in the upstream of the fiber break point is shut down to ensure the
maintenance personnel's safety. When the optical signals of the system are restored, the IPA stops and the optical
amplifier normally operates again.
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Intelligent Power Adjustment (IPA)

 IPA function is implemented by various boards with different functions

Fiber Break Detection (The detection board and aux detection board detects whether the optical power received by
each station is normal . In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the OAU, OBU , and OPU.)

Laser Shutdown & Restart ( The control implementation board only performs the shut-down function. The
detection board and the control implementation board cannot physically be the same board no matter if they are in the
same IPA pair or not. In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the OAU, OBU,OPU, and
HBA. )
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Intelligent Power Adjustment (IPA) of
Raman System
 The power of the pump light from Raman amplifiers is very high. Hence, in a system configured with Raman
amplifiers, it is suggested that you configure and enable IPA function before you turn on a Raman amplifier. After a
fiber cut is detected, shut down the Raman amplifier. Then , there is no strong pump light sent from the LINE
interface on the amplifier and thus the optical power of the entire line is on a safety level.
 an IPA pair for the Raman system is configured between stations A and B. When a fiber break occurs on the link
between stations A and B, the IPA starts and the optical amplifier and Raman amplifier in the upstream of the fiber
break point are shut down to maintain the line optical power on a safe level. When the optical signals of the system
are restored, the IPA stops and the optical amplifier and Raman amplifier normally operate again.
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Intelligent Power Adjustment (IPA) of
Raman System
 Detection board (optional)
– The detection board detects whether the optical power received by each station is normal. The threshold
on the detection board is adjustable. In the case of the Raman system, the threshold on the detection
board needs to be re-set.
– In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the OAU, OBU, and OPU.
 Control implementation board (required)
– The control implementation board only performs the shut-down function. The detection board and the
control implementation board cannot physically be the same board no matter if they are in the same IPA
pair or not.
– In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the OAU, OBU,OPU, and HBA.
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Intelligent Power Adjustment (IPA) of
Raman System
 Auxiliary detection board (optional) These boards detect the service signals, which can be regarded as one
condition of the IPA fiber-break detection. The user can configure a maximum of four auxiliary detection boards. The
alarms of boards are not directly reported. Instead, they are summarized according to the logic relationship to be one
of the criteria for IPA fiber break. In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the OTU, SC1,
SC2, ST1, ST2, D48, D40, and FIU.
 Raman amplifier (required) The Raman amplifier has the shutdown function. In the OptiX BWS 1600G, the
Raman amplifier board RPC01 supports the detection of optical power loss in hardware. The alarm can be used for
the IPA to judge whether there is a fiber break after the threshold of the Raman amplifier is set and the alarm
engagement of the Raman amplifier is configured. The boards that support this function are the RPC, RPA, and ROP.
 Auxiliary Raman board/ROP board (optional) This board has only the shutdown function and is needed only
when more than one Raman board/ROP board needs to be shut down. It is allowed to configure one Auxiliary Raman
board and an ROP board. Boards supporting this function include: RPA, RPC, ROP.
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Automatic Level Control (ALC)

 The system provides the automatic level control (ALC) function. When the ALC function is enabled, the increase in
the line attenuation in a section causes the decrease in the input power of the amplifier in that section. Its output
power remain the same; the input and output power of the downstream amplifiers remains the same.
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Automatic Level Control (ALC)

 For OptiX BWS 1600G, there are three ways to achieve the ALC function:
1- link attenuation adjustment mode:
Prerequisite: The reference node (generally the first node) sends its output optical power value and the gain
offset value to its downstream every ten seconds. Then the upstream node sends the output optical power value
and the accumulative offset value to its downstream node. Each node queries the parameters every three
seconds. If the downstream node does not receive the parameter values sent from its upstream node, the
downstream node sends queries to the upstream node.
Realization: The ALC compares the line attenuation with the gain of the amplifier, node gain compensation
offset and gets the gain offset value. The ALC adjusts the nominal gain of the optical amplifier board or
Attenuation adjusting board. The attenuation and gain of the link can be adjusted to the same to ensure the
power budget of the entire link.
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Automatic Level Control (ALC)

2- reference power detection :

Prerequisite: The output optical power of the first node on the ALC link is taken as a reference value. Realization: The
optical amplifier works in AGC mode, by adjusting the attenuation to keep the output optical power stable. (The
absolute value of total power remains unchanged.) ALC detects gain exceptions for a reference node to check whether
the output power is abnormal. The input and output power of the reference node are checked in a scheduled manner, to
obtain the actual gain value. The gain value is compared with the configured standard gain. If the gain change exceeds
the exception threshold, a gain exception is reported to the U2000 to prompt the user to start ALC adjustment.
3- channel amount detection:
Prerequisite: One MCA needs to be configured on the ALC link.
Realization: The optical amplifier works in automatic gain control (AGC) mode and realizes ALC function with the
MCA. The MCA analyzes the amount of working channels. Based on the amount of channels and the output power, the
optical amplifier determines the working status and adjusts the attenuation to keep the output power stable (the absolute
value of total power remains unchanged).
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Automatic Power Equilibrium (APE)

 The system provides the automatic power equilibrium (APE). With the APE function, you can keep the flatness of the
optical power of the receive end to maintain the OSNR.
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Automatic Power Equilibrium (APE)

 The system provides the automatic power equilibrium (APE). With the APE function, you can keep the flatness of the
optical power of the receive end to maintain the OSNR.
 To implement the APE, follow the steps below:
 During the commissioning, apply manual adjustment on the power regulating unit to ensure that each channel is
working normally and that bit error rate and OSNR meet the requirement.
 After the commissioning, save the power curve of the receive end as the standard power curve.
 Detect optical power of every channel received by the power monitoring unit through the optical port at the receive
end.
 According to the detected optical power of every channel, adjust the attenuation rate of the according channel of the
power regulating unit, so as to maintain the optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) of every channel at the receive end
by keeping the flatness of the optical power of every channel.
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Automatic Power Equilibrium (APE)

 The APE functions through the power monitoring unit, power regulating unit, and the SCC
 board. The APE involves boards of the following types:
 Power monitoring unit It detects the signal power of the channels at the receive end and reports an APE uneven
event. The board that supports this function is the MCA.
 Power regulating unit It is the adjusting entity of the APE and adjusts the attenuation of channels. In the OptiX
BWS 1600G, the boards that support this function are the V40, V48
 System control and communication board It is the executive entity of the APE. The board that supports this
function is the SCC.
 Ethernet port In one node that consists of the OptiX BWS 1600G, the Ethernet1 port in the enhanced subrack or
the Ethernet1 or Ethernet2 port in the independent OLA subrack can be used to set up an inter-subrack
communication channel for transporting protocol frames, when the power detection unit board and the supervisory
channel unit board at the receive end are not in the same subrack or the adjustment unit board and the supervisory
channel unit board at the transmit end are not in the same subrack.
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Automatic Power Equilibrium (APE)

 VMUX Adjusting Mode

 As for the APE function, the optical interface of the MCA at the receive site detects the optical power equilibrium of
each channel. Then the VMUX (V40) at the transmit end adjusts the optical power attenuation to balance the OSNR
of each channel according to the detection. The communication between sites is achieved through the supervisory
channel.
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Configuring Clocks

 Working Mode and Timing method of the Clock

Tracing mode: Namely, normal working mode. Under this mode, the local clock is synchronized
with the input PRC signals.
Holdover mode: When all timing references are lost, the slave clock enters into the holdover
mode. Under this mode, the slave clock takes timing reference from the last frequency
information saved before the loss of timing reference signals. This mode can be used to cope with
an external timing interruption lasting for many days.
Free-run mode: When the loss time of all traceable PRCs exceeds 24 hours, or all the control
data saved in the tracing mode is extracted, the clock module enters into the free-run mode from
the holdover mode.
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Configuring Clocks

 Signal Flow of WDM NE Clock Tracing

In a WDM network, clock signals are transmitted in the optical supervisory signals by the OSC board (including
SC1/SC2), and transmitted to the SCC board for processing. During configuration, you need to set clock source priority
for the SCC board at each station, and set a returned clock for the OSC board. That is, set the OSC board to send east or
west clock signals to the SCC board. Generally, set the highest priority level for the external clock signal that is
transmitted in supervisory signals.
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DCN

 A data communication network (DCN) provides communication channels for the NEs that are managed in a
centralized manner to manage and maintain the NEs remotely.
 Both the U2000 and NEs are nodes of a DCN. The DCN between the U2000 and NEs is called the external DCN,
and the DCN between NEs is called the internal DCN,
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DCN

 The ECC is used to implement the operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM)communication function
between NEs. The ECC is established on the data communications channel (DCC). For the SDH equipment, the
ECC is carried on the section overhead bytes D1-D12. Generally, the regenerator section overhead bytes D1-D3 are
used. For the WDM equipment, the ECC is carried on the OSC or ESC supervisory channel. The communication of
Huawei ECC is implemented in the following ways:
 HWECC protocol (a proprietary protocol of Huawei)The protocol is used when only Huawei equipment is involved
in the networking or when Huawei equipment does not need to interwork with equipment of other vendors to
exchange the OAM information.
 IP over DCC protocol (a standard protocol) The protocol is used when Huawei equipment interworks with
equipment of other vendors to exchange the OAM information.
 OSI over DCC protocol (a standard protocol) The protocol is used when Huawei equipment interworks with
equipment of other vendors to exchange the OAM information. Huawei equipment supports all the previous protocol
stacks. The HWECC protocol is supported by default. The OSI over DCC or IP over DCC protocol is supported
selectively depending on the networking.
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DCN

 OSC Communication Technology

 The main features of the OSC are as follows:
 Occupies private working wavelength (1510 nm is preferred) to transmit the supervisory
 information.
 Ensure that the ultra-long transmission can be achieved without the signal amplification.
 Adopts the CMI line encoding. The sensitivity of the receive side is greater than -48 dBm.
 ESC Communication Technology
 The main features of the ESC are as follows:
 Transfers the supervisory information through the interconnection of the OTU boards so
 that the supervisory unit is not required.
 Transfers the supervisory information together with the primary service signals.
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Raman Amplifier

 the Raman amplifier has very broad gain bandwidth and very low noise figure, it is widely applied in the
very large capacity high-speed long-distance DWDM system. It can massively enhance the capacity of the
existing fiber system, increase the transmission distance of the radio regeneration replay, and reduce the
system cost.
 Stimulated Raman Scattering :
When the light of a certain strength is radiated to the fiber, the molecules of the fiber materials vibrate,
modulate the strength of the incident light, and generate the sideband whose interval is the vibration frequency
of the molecules. Low-frequency sideband called Stokes ray. The high-frequency sideband is called anti-Stokes
ray. The former has higher strength. In this way, when two light waves whose frequency interval is the Stokes
frequency are concurrently radiated to the fiber, the low-frequency wave obtains light gain; the high-frequency
wave attenuates, and its energy is transferred to the low band. This is known as Stimulated Raman Scattering
(SRS).
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Raman Amplifier

 In a strong electromagnetic field, any response to electrical media becomes nonlinear, including fibers. SRS is an
important 3rd-order non-linear process in the fiber. It can be regarded as modulation for the incident light (pump
light) performed by the molecule vibration in the media, and brings a scattering effect on the incident light. Suppose
the frequency of incident light is ωl and the molecule vibration frequency of the media is ωv, the frequency of the
scattering light is as follows:
ωs = ωl - ωv
ωas = ωl + ωv
The scattering light with a frequency of ωs generated in this process is called Stokes light, and the scattering light with a
frequency of ωas is called anti-Stokes light. The Stokes light is described through a physical phenomenon like this: An
incident photon disappears, and a photon with a lower frequency (approximately 13 THz) is generated (that is, Stokes
wave). The remaining energy is absorbed by the media in the form of molecule vibration. This implements transition
between the vibration states, and leads to conservation between energy and momentum.
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Raman Amplifier

 The Raman fiber amplifier is an important application of the SRS. The quartz fiber has a very wide SRS gain
spectrum, and has a wide main peak near 13 THz. If a weak signal and a strong pump wave are transmitted over a
fiber concurrently, and their frequency difference falls within the Raman gain spectrum range of the fiber, the weak
signal light will be amplified. This fiberamplifier based on the SRS mechanism is called Raman fiber amplifier.
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Raman Amplifier

 The Raman amplifier has three prominent features:

1- The gain wavelength is determined by the wavelength of the pump light. If the wavelength of the pump source is
proper, the signal of any wavelength can be amplified in theory. The Raman amplifier can amplify the band that cannot
be amplified by the EDFA due to the feature. In the band of shorter wavelengths, the gain of the Raman amplifier
increases with the extension of the wavelength. Conversely, for the EDFA, the gain decreases with the extension of the
wavelength, starting from the 1560 nm wavelength.Therefore, the distributed Raman
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Raman Amplifier

2- The gain medium is the transmission fiber.The Raman amplifier can amplify the optical signals on the line and form
the distributed amplification. With the Raman amplifier, the long-haul transmission without an REG and remotely
operated pump (ROP) can be realized. The Raman amplifier is especially applicable to the place where the REG is not
likely to be configured such as the submarine communication. In addition, the amplification is distributed along the
fiber but not centralized. The optical power of signals on the entire fiber is rather low. Therefore, the interference of the
non-linear effect especially the four-wavelength mixing (FWM) effect is decreased. The effect of crosstalk between
channels is reduced, which is quite suitable for the high-capacity ultra-long distance WDM system.
3- The noise figure is small. The cooperation of the Raman amplifier and the EDFA can greatly decrease the noise
figure of the system and increase the transmission span distance.