Media and information

literacy
Senior High Grade 12 (1st Sem)

HuggableBear
 Lesson 1
Learners Expectation:
map out the history of the emergence of
media
diffrentiate the kinds of communication
will know the theories on the relationship
of media and society
Optional:
design a community activities

HuggableBear
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
Communication - is an important aspect
of human behaviour and symbolizes the
ability to convey opinions, feelings,
information, body language, signs and
ideas through words which may be
written or spoken.
WHAT IS MESSAGES?
-refers to any form of communication
( information, feelings and ideas) passed
or transmitted using channel.
- it is also a collection of symbols that
appear purposefully organized those
sending and receiving them.
 ELEMENTS
OF
COMMUNICATION
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Source
 Encoding

 Transmitting

 Channels

 Decoding

 Receiver

 Feedback

 Noise Interference

These are the 8 elements of communication.

Noise
SOURCE

The source is the origin of the idea. Source is

also famously known as sender. He may be an
individual or group though ultimately, it is an
individual who will act on behalf of the group.
The sender conceives the idea, prepares the
message, selects the channel of distribution and
decides who the receiver will be.
ENCODING

It refers to the process by which a message is

translated so it can be pass/transmitted and
communicated to another party. Encoding is how
you compose your sentence as you communicate.
the core of communication. Messages can consist
of symbols or words.
TRANSMITTING

It refers to the content that the sender passes on to the

receiver. It is the core of communication. Messages
can consist of symbols or words. It could also be the
posting of administrative letter on the bulletin board
for everybody to see. Transformation of an idea into a
message by the sender is known an encoding and
converting this message into some meaning by the
receiver is known as decoding. The message should
be clear so that the receiver understands it.
CHANNELS

The channel is the medium through which a

message travels from sender to receiver. The
channel may be mass media or interpersonal.
Selection of channel depends on the message to
be conveyed, availability of channel, cost and
effectiveness of channel of distribution.
DECODING

The transmitted impulses are converted to signs

as the brain perceives and processes it. The
reverse of encoding , decoding is the process by
which the receiver translate the source’s thoughts
and ideas so they can have meaning. The process
can be purely psychological, as when the brain,
through its own processes, interprets the message.
RECEIVER

The receiver is the person for whom the message

is intended. He is the most important aspect of
the communication process which is a two way
process and incomplete without the receiver. Any
change or neglect on the part of the receiver will
hamper the entire process. However, it is possible
that the intended receiver may not receive the
message as it gets to another receiver.
FEEDBACK

Feedback is the response the receiver gives to the

sender after the element of effect. Feedback can
be negative or positive depending on how the
message is encoded and decoded by the sender
and receiver respectively. Feedback in most cases
does not take place. It is an optional element of
communication that may or may not happen.
NOISE INTERFERENCE

Most of the times, there is something that

interferes in the in the transmittal process. This
interference is known as noise. Noise may be
treated both literally and figuratively. Literally, it
is a mechanical sound that is perhaps more
resonant than the message drowning it. It can also
mean other messages with conflicting tones
drowning the original message.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
 Interpersonal Communication – a form of
communication that involves two or three individuals
interacting through the use of their voices or body
 Mediated Interpersonal Communication-
technology stands in between the parties communicating
and becomes the channel by which the message is sent or
received.
 Organizational Communication – people
communicate differently in a working environment, and
this type of interaction.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 Nation-States and the Rise of News Paper
 From Static to Moving Images
 The Rise of New Media
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 100 AD (Anno Domini)- The Christians invented
the codex, a document which can be rightfully
referred to as the prototype of a book.

(Papyrus- Paper made from the papyrus plant by

cutting it in strips and pressing it flat; used by
ancient Egyptians and Greeks and Romans)
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 He invented the printing technology that would
eventually be called the movable type machine.
 The Gutenberg machine - a frame that could
hold the type covered in one place. Afterwards, a
piece of paper would be placed on top, secured
through a corkscrew device derived from
technology of making wine.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg 
(/joʊˈhɑːnᵻs,-ˈhænᵻsˈɡuːtənbɜːrɡ/[ yoh-HAH-nəs GOO-tən-burg;) 

 1398 – February 3, 1468) was a German 

blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher 
who introduced printing to Europe.
His introduction of mechanical movable
type printing to Europe started the 
Printing Revolution and is widely regarded
as the most important invention of the second
millennium
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 The Gutenberg Printing Press
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 Bible- One of the Gutenberg’s
earliest and most famous
creations.
 The Boxer Codex- a
manuscript, presumably written
around 1594, which contains
illustrations of Filipinos of
inhabitants of the Far Eastern
region. Around 15 illustrations
were devoted to Filipinos.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 DOCTRINA CRISTIANA
 - The first book printed in
the Philippines where it is
a treatise on the teachings
of the Roman Catholic
Church, written by Fray
Juan Plasencia, an
Augustinian priest.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Papyrus to Paper
 He invented the printing technology that would
eventually be called the movable type machine.
 The Gutenberg machine- a frame that could hold
the type covered in one place. Afterwards, a piece
of paper would be placed on top, secured through a
corkscrew device derived from technology of
making wine. (Photocopy, nowadays.)
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Nation-States and the Rise of News Paper
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 George Eastman 
 (July 12, 1854 – March 14, 1932)
was an American entrepreneur
who founded the Eastman Kodak
 Company and popularized the use
of roll film, helping to bring photography 
to the mainstream. Roll film was also
the basis for the invention of motion
picture film in 1888 by the world's first
film-makers Eadweard Muybridge and 
Louis Le Prince, and a few years later by
their followers Léon Bouly, William Dickson, 
Thomas Edison, the Lumière Brothers,
and Georges Méliès.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 Photographic film- is a strip or sheet of
transparent plastic film base coated on one side
with a gelatin emulsion containing
microscopically small light-sensitive silverhalide
crystals.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 Louis and Auguste Lumiere

The Lumière [lymjɛːʁ] brothers, 

 Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas 

[oɡyst maʁi lwi nikɔla] 

(19 October 1862– 10 April 1954)
 Louis Jean [lwi ʒɑ̃ ] 

(5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948)

were among the first filmmakers in history.
They patented an improved cinematograph,
which in contrast to Thomas Edison's
"peepshow" kinetoscope allowed
simultaneous viewing by multiple parties.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 Thomas Alva Edison 
 (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931)
was an American inventor and businessman,
who has been described as America's
greatest inventor. He developed many
devices that greatly influenced life
around the world, including the phonograph,
the motion picture camera,and
the long-lasting, practical electric 
light bulb
 The Vitascope is a large electrically-powered

projector that uses light to cast images.

 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
Phantoscope Kinetoscope
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 Electronic Scanning

-is a type of
electron
microscope that
produces images
of a sample by
scanning it with a
focused beam of
electrons.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 From Static to Moving Images
 The word TELEVISION first appeared in the magazine – “ Scientific
American”
 Here in the Philippines commercial
television was launched on 1953,
but as early as 1946.
James Lindenberg
-father of Philippine Television
(December 20, 1921 – April 28, 2009)
 was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He moved to the Philippines in the 1940s.
He is credited for his founding of
Bolinao Electronics Corporation (BEC),
the precursor of ABS-CBN Corporation.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines

 Internet in Philippines has improved consider since it was

first made available in 1994. As of 2016, more than
44,000,000 people used the internet in the country,
accounting for 43.5% of the total population.
 It’s easy to imagine life in the internet age with what we
have now, but 20 years ago, the world wide web wasn’t
available in the Philippines. But on March 29, 1994. The free
and open web first opened it’s doors to Filipinos.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines
 1986
The first Philippine based, public-access BBS.
 1987

The Philippine FidoNet Exchange, a local network for

communication between several BBSES in Metro Manila,
was formed.
 1990

A committee helped by Arnie Del Rosario of the Ateneo

computer technology center was tasked with exploring a
academic network.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines
 1991 – 1993
Emergence of email gateways and services in the
Philippines including some from multinational
companies like INTEL & MOTOROLA.
 March 29, 1994 @ 1:15 am

Benjie Tan who was working for comNet, a company that

supplied Cisco routers to the PhilNet project, established
in the Philippines first connection to the internet at a
PLDT network center in Makati City.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines
 March 29, 1994 @ 10:18 am
Dr. John Brule, a professor emeritus in electrical and
computer engineering at Syracuse University.
Announced at the first International e-mail conference at
the University of San Carlos in Talamban, Cebu.
 2010

29.8 million Internet users in the Philippines

 2011

Philippines named social Networking capital of the world

with a percentage of 939 for Facebook alone.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines

 Internet in Philippines has improved consider since it was

first made available in 1994. As of 2016, more than
44,000,000 people used the internet in the country,
accounting for 43.5% of the total population.
 It’s easy to imagine life in the internet age with what we
have now, but 20 years ago, the world wide web wasn’t
available in the Philippines. But on March 29, 1994. The free
and open web first opened it’s doors to Filipinos.
 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
COMMUNICATION
 Timeline of Internet in the Philippines
 2012
The cybercrime presentation Act of 2012 was of facially
recorded as Republic Act No. 20175 on September 12, 2012
 2013
The introduction of PLDT’s fiber service. Which
provides connection speaks of up to 100mpbs.
 2014

Hello to the 20th year of internet here in the

Philippines
EDSA TIMELINE

The People Power Revolution (also known

as the EDSA Revolution and the Philippine 
Revolution of 1986) was a series of popular
demonstrations in the Philippines that 
began in 1983 and culminated on
February 22–25, 1986.
EDSA TIMELINE
 1983
 August 21 (1 pm) - Senator Benigno S. "Ninoy"
Aquino Jr. was assassinated at the Manila
International Airport.
 September 21 - As the government celebrates
Barangay Day/National Thanksgiving Day to
commemorate the declaration of martial law,
thousands of Aquino's supporters hold a
"National Day of Sorrow" and call for unity in
the ranks to topple the Marcos regime.
EDSA TIMELINE
 1984
 May 14 - Elections for the Batasang
Pambansa (parliament) are held. The United
Nationalist Democratic Organization (UNIDO)
and the Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng
Bayan (PDP-LABAN) coalition decide to take
part. Aquino's widow, Corazón, throws her
support behind the opposition candidates, who
surprise Marcos by winning 56 seats out of the
183 amidst familiar allegations of fraud.
EDSA TIMELINE
 October 24 - The Agrava Board, a fact-finding
commission tasked with investigating the Aquino
assassination, concludes that there was a
military conspiracy behind the killing and
implicates Armed Forces Chief of Staff, Gen. Fabián Ver.
 1985 –
 February 22 - General Ver, 24 soldiers, and one civilian
stand trial before the Sandiganbayan for the Aquino
murder. Ver takes a leave of absence as Armed Forces
Chief of Staff.
EDSA TIMELINE
 February 22 - General Ver, 24 soldiers, and one
civilian stand trial before the Sandiganbayan for
the Aquino murder. Ver takes a leave of absence
as Armed Forces Chief of Staff.
 August - Opposition MPs file a motion for
impeachment against Marcos in the Batasan,
citing culpable violation of the Constitution and
"hidden wealth." The majority party squelches
the motion.
EDSA TIMELINE
 November 3 - Marcos suddenly announces the holding
of snap elections after alleged prodding from the United
States.
 December 2 - General Ver and all his co-accused are
acquitted by the Sandiganbayan. Marcos reinstates him
as Chief of Staff amid widespread protest.
 December 3 - Corazon Aquino declares her candidacy
for President. Salvador Laurel, who earlier has wanted to
run for the same position, agrees to be her running mate.
EDSA TIMELINE
 December 5 - The Opposition makes a formal
announcement of the Aquino-Laurel tandem for the snap
elections.
 1986
 February 7
 A ents of fraud, vote-buying, intimidation, and violence
are reported and election returns are tampered with. The
Commission on Elections (COMELEC) tally board
shows Marcos leading while the National Citizen's
Movement for the Free Elections (NAMFREL)
consistently shows Cory Aquino ahead by a comfortable
margin.
EDSA TIMELINE
 February 9
 Thirty five computer workers at the COMELEC
tabulation centre in the Philippine International
Convention Center walk out and seek refuge at
the Baclaran Church, protesting the tampering of
election results.
 February 11
 Oppositionist ex-Governor Evelio Javier of Antique is
murdered in front of the provincial capitol where
canvassing is being held. Primary suspects are the
bodyguards of the local KBL leader.
EDSA TIMELINE
 February 13
 The Catholic Bishops' Conference of the
Philippines (CBCP) issues a statement condemning the
elections as fraudulent.
 February 22
 2:00 AM
 Final meeting of the RAM at Defense Minister Juan

Ponce Enrile's house in Dasmariñas Village before the

assault on Malacañan Palace
 AFP Chief of Staff Fabian Ver calls in additional units

to defend Malacañang.
EDSA TIMELINE
 3:00 AM
 The final meeting at the Defense Minister's home is
concluded. Lt. Col. Honasan and Kapunan begin their
reconnaissance of Malacañang. To their dismay, they
discover battle-hardened Marines stationed at their
main point of attack.
 6:30 AM
 Maj. Avelino Razon briefs AFP Vice Chief of Staff
Gen. Fidel V. Ramos on the developments of RAM's
plans.
EDSA TIMELINE
 9:00 AM
 Fabian Ver sends Col. Rolando Abadilla to Col. Honasan to
inform the latter that their plans have been made known
already and that RAM should not make any rash decisions.
 10:00 AM
 Lt. Col. Honasan phones Kapunan and informs him that they

are not going to abort the mission, but to simply "freeze" the
operation for the next 24 hours.
 Honasan reviews the situation and assesses the prepositioning

of the troops from his office in GHQAFP Camp Aguinaldo

 Cory Aquino leaves for Cebu to continue the Civil

Disobedience Campaign.
EDSA TIMELINE
 12:00 NN
 Navy Capt. Rex Robles was assigned to act as a
liaison with the diplomatic community in case the
RAM officers will be arrested, and tell the world of
their story.
 U.S. Amb. Stephen Bosworth along with Philip
Habib, Pres. Ronald Reagan's personal envoy to
Marcos, visit the Palace for a meeting with the
President. They discuss the recent elections and the
political situation. The U.S. envoys call Marcos to
retire Ver.
EDSA TIMELINE
 12:45 PM
 While Marcos was having his meeting with the U.S.
envoys, Capt. Ricardo Morales, one of Imelda
Marcos' close-in security and who is a mole of RAM
in the PSG, reconnoiters the defenses of the Palace
grounds, and took the initiative to withdraw some
firearms from the PSG armory. He is arrested and is
brought to the office of the Aide-de-camp for
interrogation.
EDSA TIMELINE
 1:45 PM
 As the meeting came to a close, barely has Amb.
Bosworth left the room, Gen. Ver storms into the
Presidential study to convey the recent arrest of four
officers in the PSG who are found to be members of
RAM.
 Philip Habib confides as he leaves Malacañang,
that "Cory won the election and deserves our support.
Marcos is finished, and we ought to offer him asylum
in the United States."
EDSA TIMELINE
 2:00 PM
 With their plans discovered, Enrile and the RAM

officers, had to change their direction. They decided

that they need to draw the public support if they are
going to storm this crisis out.
 2:15 PM
 Cory in the rally in Cebu calls for the boycott of

Marcos crony-owned business.

 3:45 PM
 Enrile gets through to Cardinal Sin and seeks his

moral and active support, as the former felt that he

will not survive the day.
EDSA TIMELINE
 4:30 PM
 The first military region to go to the rebel side was

Regional Unified Command No. 8, which included troops

in Mrs. Marcos's own province, Leyte, led by commander,
Brig. Gen. Salvador Mison who was in Camp Aguinaldo.
 5:30 PM
 Pres. Marcos first response to the mutiny was to call his

family to Malacañang.
 6:30 PM
 Malacañang receives a "report" that Ramos and Enrile

were "officially withdrawing their support" of the Marcos

administration.
EDSA TIMELINE
 6:45 PM
 Enrile and Ramos, surrounded by their staff and
guards hold a press conference at the Social Hall of
the GHQAFP, and make the official announcement of
their withdrawal of support of the Marcos
administration.
 Enrile states in his opening that "We are going to die
here fighting."
EDSA TIMELINE
 Ramos states "There has become an elite Armed
Forces of the Philippines that no longer represents the
rank and officers' corps of the Armed Forces. ...The
President of 1986 is not the President to whom we
dedicated our service. it is clear that he no longer is
the able and capable commander-in-chief that we
count upon. ... He has put his personal family interest
above the interest of the people. We do not consider
President Marcos as now being a duly constituted
authority."
EDSA TIMELINE
 Enrile adds "I cannot in my conscience recognize the
President as the commander-in-chief of the Armed
Forces and I am appealing to the other members of
the Cabinet to heed the will of the people expressed
during the last elections. Because in my own region, I
know that we cheated in the elections to the extent of
350,000 votes. ... No, I will not serve under Mrs.
Aquino even if she is installed as a president. ... Our
loyalty is to the Constitution and the country. ... You
are welcome to join us. We have no food..."
EDSA TIMELINE
 Ramos closes "I am not even acting Chief of Staff of
the Armed Forces. I think that when he made that
announcement to you and to the whole world last
Sunday, he was just fooling us, and he was fooling the
entire world because he flip-flopped so many times
already. ... I would like to appeal to the fair and to the
dedicated and people-oriented members of the AFP
and the INP to join us in this crusade for better
government."
EDSA TIMELINE
 7:00 PM
 Approximately 7:00 PM
 Cory receives the news of the withdrawal of support
by Enrile and Ramos. She calls Manila to verify the
report.
 8:15 PM
 Gen. Ver orders Brig. Gen. Fidel Singson, Chief of
the Intelligence Service of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (ISAFP) to "Destroy Radio Veritas!"
EDSA TIMELINE
 Unbeknown to Ver, Singson was already in the process of
defecting to the rebel group. Singson sends his men to Radio
Veritas, not to destroy, but only to reconnoiter the area.
 8:30 PM
 Cardinal Jaime Sin goes on air and calls the people to "Please,

do not be alarmed, stay home."

 8:45 PM
 The rebel group was taken aback by the Cardinal's

announcement and calls him to clarify their request. They

asked him to send the people to the camps.
EDSA TIMELINE
 9:00 PM
 Cardinal Sin goes on air once more and says "Leave
your homes now ...I ask you to support Mr. Enrile and
Gen. Ramos, give them food if you like, they are our
friends."
 Inquirer co-chairman Betty Go-Belmonte telephoned
Member of Parliament Cecilia Munoz Palma. MP
Palma immediately made a call to Radio Veritas and
was one of the first opposition leaders to express
support for the revolution.
EDSA TIMELINE
 9:30 PM
 Butz Aquino with the August Twenty-One
Movement ATOM Executive Committee deliberate on
whether to support Enrile and Ramos. The Executive
Committee wants to wait on Cory Aquino for
instructions. Butz Aquino finally decided to head to
Camp Aguinaldo to support the rebels.
 Cory Aquino meanwhile is also deciding on what
actions to take after receiving the call from ATOM.
She requests to speak with Enrile first.
EDSA TIMELINE
 Col. Antonio Sotelo, Commander of the 15th Strike Wing,
received a call at his Villamor Air Base office from Col. Hector
Tarrazona, who was also a member of RAM, asking the
Commander whether he is with them. Col. Sotelo confirms that
he supports RAM, and orders his Squadron Commanders to
arm their attack helicopters.
 February 23[
 Early morning: People supported the uprising of Enrile and
Ramos and they expressed support for Corazon Aquino as the real
new president. They began to grow by the thousands.
EDSA TIMELINE
 6:00 am: ATOM leadership and members proceed
to EDSA and the military camps after a brief
meeting in Cubao district.
 7:30 am: Radio Veritas restarts broadcasts from a
backup transmitter as government forces damage
the main one in Barangay Dakila, Malolos,
Bulacan, plans are made to move operations in
Manila.
EDSA TIMELINE
 10:00am: Soldiers from the Philippine Army and
the Philippine Marine Corps from Fort Bonifacio and other
camps began to be deployed in opposition to the rebel forces.
Mounted on M35 carrier trucks, LVT-5s, M113s and AIFVs
and V150s, they were, that very afternoon, stopped by the
massive crowd, nuns and clergy at the front.
 3:00pm: a PMC armored contingent halts in full view of the
crowd along Ortigas Avenue in the Ortigas CBD, Pasig. They
would later pull back. Radio Veritas had earlier learned of
their planned attack on the camps.
EDSA TIMELINE
 3:10pm: Corazon Aquino arrives in Manila from
Cebu
 11:00pm: As Radio Veritas signs off,due to
difficulties in elecrtricity,June Keithley and
station staff takeover the DZRJ radio
headquarters in Santa Mesa, Manila, along
Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard, planning to restart
transmissions at midnight
EDSA TIMELINE
 February 24
 12:00mn: Radio Veritas broadcasts from its new, secret
location as "Radio Bandido" (Outlaw radio) from the
DZRJ station building
 5:30am: First teargas attack on the people by personnel
of the Philippine Marines along Santolan Road.
 8:30am: Ramos does his famous jump on the PC-INP
headquarters in Camp Crame, in full view of the people
and the media
EDSA TIMELINE
 4:30pm: The 15th Strike Wing and several of their
helicopter crews defect to the people and the Enrile-
Ramos camp upon landing in Camp Crame, much to
their delight. It would later turn out that Col. Sotero is a
RAM supporter
 February 25
 Aquino was sworn in as President by Senior Associate
Justice Claudio Teehankee, and Salvador Laurel as Vice-
President by Justice Vicente Abad Santos, at Club
Filipino in San Juan.
EDSA TIMELINE
 Aquino appointed Enrile as Defense Secretary
and Ramos as AFP Chief of Staff.
 Marcos and his family left the country aboard
American plane to Hawaii at evening. Thus,
the EDSA People Power Revolution ended.
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 On January 17, 2001, the impeachment trial of President
Estrada moved to the investigation of an envelope containing
crucial evidence that would allegedly prove acts of political
corruption by Estrada. Senators allied with Estrada moved to
block the evidence. The conflict between the senator-judges,
and the prosecution became deeper, but then Senate Majority
Floor Leader Francisco Tatad requested to the Impeachment
court to make a vote for opening the second envelope. The
vote resulted in 10 senators in favor of examining the
evidence, and 11 senators in favor of suppressing it.
THE LIST OF SENATORS WHO VOTED FOR THE SECOND
ENVELOPE ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Voted to examine  Blas Ople

 Rodolfo Biazon
 Juan Ponce Enrile
 Renato Cayetano
 Nikki Coseteng
 Franklin Drilon
 Gregorio Honasan
 Juan Flavier
 Robert Jaworski
 Teofisto Guingona, Jr.
 Teresa Aquino-Oreta
 Loren Legarda
 John Henry Osmeña
 Ramon Magsaysay, Jr.
 Ramon Revilla
 Sergio Osmeña III
 Miriam Defensor Santiago
 Aquilino Pimentel, Jr.
 Vicente Sotto III
 Raul Roco
 Francisco Tatad
Voted against examining
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 After the vote, Sen. Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. resigned as Senate
President and walked out of the impeachment proceedings
together with the 9 opposition Senators and 11 prosecutors in the
Estrada impeachment trial. The 11 administration senators who
voted YES to block the opening of the second envelope remained
in Senate Session Hall together with the members of the defense.
The phrase "JOE'S COHORTS" quickly surfaced as a mnemonic
device for remembering their names (JOE'S COHORTS: Jaworski,
Oreta, Enrile, Santiago, Coseteng, Osmena, Honasan, Ople,
Revilla, Tatad, Sotto).However, in February 2001, at the initiative
of Senate President Aquilino Pimentel, Jr., the second envelope
was opened before the local and foreign media and it contained
the document that stated that Jaime Dichavez and not Estrada
owned the "Jose Velarde Account".
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 Day 1: Wednesday January 17, 2001
 All 11 prosecutors in the Estrada impeachment trial resigned.
Sen. Tessie Aquino-Oreta, one of three senators who voted
against opening the envelope (a "NO" vote), was seen on
national television; most assumed that she was dancing
joyfully as the opposition walked out. This further fuelled the
growing anti-Erap sentiments of the crowd gathered at EDSA
Shrine, and she became the most vilified of the 11 senators.
She was labeled a "prostitute" and a "concubine" of Erap for
her dancing act, while Sen. Defensor-Santiago was also
ridiculed by the crowd who branded her a "lunatic".
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 As he did in the EDSA I protests, Cardinal Jaime Sin called
on the people to join the rally at the shrine. During the night,
people began to gather in large numbers around the shrine.
 Day 2: Thursday January 18, 2001
 The crowd continues to grow, bolstered by students from
private schools and left-wing organizations. Activists from
the group Bayan and Akbayan as well as lawyers of the
Integrated Bar of the Philippines and other bar associations
joined in the thousands of protesters. A similar parallel anti-
Estrada rally was held in Makati, and at the shrine area, just
as in 1986, stars and icons from the music industry
entertained the vast crowds.
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 Day 3: Friday January 19, 2001
 The Philippine National Police and the Armed Forces of
the Philippines withdraw their support for Estrada,
joining the crowds at the EDSA Shrine.
 At 2:00pm, Joseph Estrada appears on television for the
first time since the beginning of the protests and
maintains that he will not resign. He says he wants the
impeachment trial to continue, stressing that only a
guilty verdict will remove him from office.
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 At 6:15pm, Estrada again appears on television, calling for a snap
presidential election to be held concurrently with congressional
and local elections on May 14, 2001. He adds that he will not run
in this election.
 Day 4: Saturday January 20, 2001
 At noon, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo takes her oath of office in the
presence of the crowd at EDSA, becoming the 14th president of
the Philippines. At the same time, however, a large anti-Estrada
crowd had already gathered at the historic Mendiola Bridge,
having left the shrine earlier in the day, only to face PNP
personnel and the pro-Estrada supporters behind them, who had
by now already attacked both the police and the anti-Estrada
protesters and heckling them and even members of the press.
EDSA 2 TIME LINE
 At 2:00 pm, Estrada releases a letter saying he had
"strong and serious doubts about the legality and
constitutionality of her proclamation as president". In
that same letter, however, he says he would give up his
office in order to allow for national reconciliation.
 Later, Estrada and his family evacuate Malacañan Palace
on boat along the Pasig River. They are smiling and
waving to reporters and shaking hands with the
remaining Cabinet members and palace employees. He
was initially placed under house arrest in San Juan, but
was later transferred to his rest home in Sampaloc, a
small village in Tanay, Rizal.
THE END