INTRODUCTION TO

THERMODYNAMICS
Melissa R. Serrano, RECE
Thermodynamic Properties and the Saturation Region INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
2D phase diagrams: isobars and isotherms
Draw on a P-v diagram condensation from a superheated vapor to a
subcooled liquid.
Thermodynamic Properties and the Saturation Region INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
P-v-T surfaces or diagrams are used in graphical, tabulated and the
form of relations.
The most common working fluids are water(steam), air, nitrogen,
refrigerants, etc.
Saturation tables only include the saturated liquid and saturated gas
data. You need to determine the actual state conditions for any quality
where 0<x<1.
Let’s look at specific volume…
Internal Energy, Specific Heats and Enthalpy INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
Now let’s consider internal energy and enthalpy!

*All thermodynamic property data are relative to a reference state. Since we are
taking the difference between state conditions, the reference state cancels.
Internal Energy, Specific Heats and Enthalpy INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
•Introducing
  the specific heats, and
The specific heats, or heat capacities, are intensive properties of simple
compressible substances.
Internal Energy, Specific Heats and Enthalpy INTRODUCTION TO
THERMODYNAMICS
If you have T and P, can you fully define the state of a system if you
are in the superheat region?
Yes, temperature and pressure are independent in the SH region.
If you have P and u, can you fully define the state of a system if
you are in the saturation region?
Yes, pressure and internal energy are independent in SH region.
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
Let’s follow up on those state relations for heat capacity.
Introducing the incompressible substance model – for liquids and solids:
v = constant and u= f(T) only
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
•Introducing
  the ideal gas model – for gases only:
and only
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
•   compressibility factor tells us how close we are to an ideal gas.
The
compressibility factor
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
By intuition, what pressure and/or temperature conditions would you
expect the ideal gas law to fail?
The ideal gas law fails when the conditions are close to phase change,
or close to the dome. That would indicate condition of high pressures
and low temperatures are when you should check Z.
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
What does the idea gas model tell us about the behavior of
u and h?
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
Polytropic processes revisited!
The Incompressible Substance and Ideal Gas Models for the INTRODUCTION TO
Equations of State THERMODYNAMICS
Back to the conservation of energy… Now let’s consider
control volumes where mass can pass the system boundaries.