Theory of Elasticity

Cauchy’s Formula to Determine

Stress Vector Traction
X3
Also known as,
തሺത
𝑇 𝑥ത
ത ത
,𝑎തതሻ = 𝜏ഥ
C 1 1 1
 Relationship between
ഥand τഥ,τ
T 1 ഥ 2 & τഥ , 𝑛ത)
3 𝑇തሺത
𝑥ത
ത
2 ,ത
𝑎ത
ത
2 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ
2
𝑇(𝑥ҧ
 Stress on general oblique n
plane through point O
inclined to coordinate B X2
A
system
Consider a tetrahedron OABC 𝑇തሺത
𝑥ത
ത
3 ,ത
𝑎ത
ത
3 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ
3
X1
3 faces BOC, AOC and AOB are perpendicular to each other
whereas face ABC is inclined.
Let n be the outward normal to the face ABC and OX1, OX2 &OX3
be the outward normals to the faces BOC, AOC and AOB
respectively.
X3
Let Tሺxഥ,a 1 ഥ1 ሻ, Tሺ
xഥ,a
2 ഥ2 ሻ& T(xഥ,a
3 ഥ)3 𝑇തሺ𝑥തത
ത ,ത
𝑎ത
ത ሻ = 𝜏ഥ
C 1 1 1
be the tractions on the planes
BOC, AOC and AOB 𝑇തሺത
𝑥ത
ത
2 ,ത
𝑎ത
ത
2 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ
2
𝑇(𝑥ҧ, 𝑛ത)

respectively and T(xത,nത) be the n

traction on plane ABC. O
B X2
𝑇തሺത
𝑥തത
1 ത
,𝑎ത
1ത ሻ = 𝜏ഥ 1 A
𝑇തሺത
𝑥തത
2 ,ത
𝑎തത
2 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ 2
𝑇തሺത
𝑥ത
ത
3 ,ത
𝑎തത
3 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ3
X1
𝑇തሺത
𝑥തത
3 ,ത
𝑎തത
3 ሻ = 𝜏ഥ 3
Considering force equilibrium of the tetrahedron,

෍ 𝐹ത= 0

, 𝑛ത) ∙ ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 − 𝜏ഥ
𝑇(𝑥ҧ 1 ∙ ∆𝐵𝑂𝐶 − 𝜏ഥ
2 ∙ ∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 − 𝜏ഥ
3 ∙ ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵 + 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑉 = 0

B → Body Force per unit Volume

Let Area of Triangle as,
∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑑𝐴𝑛
∆𝐵𝑂𝐶 = 𝑑𝐴1 = 𝑑𝐴𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1
∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 𝑑𝐴2 = 𝑑𝐴𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2
∆𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝑑𝐴3 = 𝑑𝐴𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
Where an1, an2, an3 are the direction cosines of the normal with respect
to OX1, OX2, OX3 respectively.
Direction Cosine → cosine of angle between ni and Oxi
Substituting areas of triangles in the equation,
, 𝑛ത) ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑛 − 𝜏ഥ
∴ 𝑇(𝑥ҧ 1 ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 − 𝜏ഥ
2 ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑛 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 − 𝜏ഥ
3 ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑛
∙ 𝑎𝑛3 + 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑉 = 0
As value of B∙dV≈0, neglecting the term,
∴ 𝑇ሺ𝑥ҧ
, 𝑛തሻ = 𝜏ഥ
1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏ഥ
2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏ഥ
3 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
3

∴ 𝑇ሺ𝑥ҧ
, 𝑛തሻ = ෍ 𝜏ഥ∙
𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑖
𝑖=1

In tensor notation,
𝑇തሺ𝑥ҧ
, 𝑛തሻ∙ 𝑑𝐴𝑛 = 𝜏ഥ∙
𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑖

i.e. 𝑇 = 𝜏ഥ∙
𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑖

But, 𝜏𝑖 = 𝜏𝑖𝑗 ∙ 𝑎𝑗
𝑇ത= 𝜏ഥ
1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏ഥ
2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏ഥ
3 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3

(𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎 ത
2 + 𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎 3 ) ∙ 𝑎𝑛1
∴ 𝑇ത= +(𝜏21 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎 ത
2 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎 3 ) ∙ 𝑎𝑛2
+(𝜏31 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝜏32 ∙ 𝑎 ത
2 + 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎 3 ) ∙ 𝑎𝑛3

ሺ𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎ത

1
∴ 𝑇ത= +ሺ𝜏21 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎ത 2
+ሺ𝜏31 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏32 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎ത 3

∴ 𝑇ത= 𝑇1 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝑇2 ∙ 𝑎 ത
2 + 𝑇3 ∙ 𝑎 3

Here T1, T2 and T3 are the scalar components of T along OX1,

OX2, OX3 respectively
∴ 𝑇1 = 𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏21 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏31 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
∴ 𝑇2 = 𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏32 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
∴ 𝑇3 = 𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
 𝑇1 𝜏11 𝜏21 𝜏31 𝑎𝑛1
∴ ൥𝑇2 ൩= ൥𝜏12 𝜏22 𝜏32 ൩൥𝑎𝑛2 ൩
𝑇3 𝜏13 𝜏23 𝜏33 𝑎𝑛3
∴ ሼ𝑇ሽ= ሾ𝜏ሿሼ𝑎𝑛 ሽ
3

𝑇𝑖 = ෍ 𝜏𝑗𝑖 ∙ 𝑎𝑛𝑗
𝑗 =1

In tensor notation,
𝑇𝑖 = 𝜏𝑗𝑖 ∙ 𝑎𝑛𝑗
𝑇ത= 𝑇1 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝑇2 ∙ 𝑎 ത
2 + 𝑇3 ∙ 𝑎 3

∴ 𝑇ത= 𝜏ഥ
1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏ഥ
2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏ഥ
3 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3

𝑇𝑖 = 𝜏𝑗𝑖 ∙ 𝑎𝑛𝑗 = 𝜏𝑖𝑗 ∙ 𝑎𝑛𝑗

∴ 𝑛ത= ത
𝑎ത
ത∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + ത
1 𝑎ത
ത∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + ത
2 𝑎ത
ത∙ 𝑎𝑛3
3
If ത
𝑇ത
ത
𝑛 → Component of stress along the normal to the plane, then

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇ത∙ 𝑛ത
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = ሺ𝑇1 ∙ 𝑎ത ത
1 + 𝑇2 ∙ 𝑎 2 + 𝑇3 ∙ 𝑎ത3ሻ
∙ ሺ𝑎
തത
1ത∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + ത
𝑎തത∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + ത
2 𝑎തത∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ
3

∴ 𝑇𝑛 = ሺ𝑇1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝑇2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝑇3 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ

𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇𝑖 ∙ 𝑎𝑛𝑖
Substituting values of T1, T2 and T3 in equation,
ሺ𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏21 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏31 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎𝑛1
∴ 𝑇𝑛 = +ሺ𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏32 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎𝑛2
+ሺ𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ∙ 𝑎𝑛3
𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 2 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 2 + 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 2
∴ 𝑇𝑛 =
+2 ∙ ሺ𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 + 𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎𝑛1 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎𝑛2 ∙ 𝑎𝑛3 ሻ
 Stress Transformation
Let OX1, OX2 &OX3 be the
original axes and let OX1’, OX2’ &
X1 OX3’ be the transformed axes.

X1’ Let us assume that ‘n’ coincides

n
with OX1, substituting in equation,
T
X3’ 𝜏11 ′ = 𝜏11 ∙ 𝑎11 2 + 𝜏22 ∙ 𝑎12 2
+ 𝜏33 ∙ 𝑎13 2 + 2
X3 ∙ ሺ𝜏12 ∙ 𝑎11 ∙ 𝑎12 + 𝜏13 ∙ 𝑎11
∙ 𝑎13 + 𝜏23 ∙ 𝑎12 ∙ 𝑎13 ሻ
Where, a11 is direction cosine of
X2’ X2
stress between OX1 and OX1’
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝜏11 ′ 𝜏12 ′ 𝜏13 ′ ൥𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ൩∙
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
቎𝜏21 ′ 𝜏22 ′ 𝜏23 ′ ቏= 𝜏 𝜏12 𝜏13 𝑎11 𝑎21 𝑎31
11
𝜏31 ′ 𝜏32 ′ 𝜏33 ′
൥𝜏21 𝜏22 𝜏23 ൩∙ ൥𝑎12 𝑎22 𝑎32 ൩
𝜏31 𝜏32 𝜏33 𝑎13 𝑎23 𝑎33
ሾ𝜏 ′ ሿ= ሾ𝑎ሿሾ𝜏ሿሾ𝑎ሿ𝑇
In tensor notation,
𝜏𝑖𝑗 ′ = 𝑎𝑖𝑝 ∙ 𝜏𝑝𝑞 ∙ 𝑎𝑞𝑗
Any stress that can be transformed from original frame of
reference to new frame of reference by the above formula is
known as stress transformation formula.
Prob. A stress tensor at a point in a body is given as follows,
−500 0 −100
𝜏𝑖𝑗 = ൥ 0 0 0 ൩ Z Z’
−100 0 800
For a given reference XYZ. A
reference X’, Y’, Z’ is formed
by rotating the references at Y’
Z-axis at an angle α. What are
the components of stress for α
the primed reference? Y

α=30˚ α

X
X’
We first need the direction cosines positioning the primed axes
relative to the unprimed axes,
Thus for α=30˚, we have,
𝑎𝑥’𝑥 = cos 30 = 0.866 𝑎𝑦’𝑥 = cos 120 = −0.5
𝑎𝑥’𝑦 = cos 60 = 0.5 𝑎𝑦’𝑦 = cos 30 = 0.866
𝑎𝑥’𝑧 = cos 90 = 0 𝑎𝑦’𝑧 = cos 90 = 0
𝑎𝑧’𝑥 = cos 90 = 0 𝑎𝑧’𝑦 = cos 90 = 0 𝑎𝑧’𝑧 = cos 0 = 1
ሾ𝜏 ′ ሿ= ሾ𝑎ሿሾ𝜏ሿሾ𝑎ሿ𝑇
0.866 −0.5 0 −500 0 −100 0.866 0.5 0
ሾ𝜏 ′ ሿ= ൥ 0.5 0.866 0൩൥ 0 0 0 ൩൥−0.5 0.866 0൩
0 0 1 −100 0 800 0 0 1

−375 216 −86.6

ሾ𝜏 ′ ሿ= ൥ 216 −125 50 ൩
−86.6 50 800