Collection and Distribution of Water: by Gebrewahid Adhana

CHAPTER-THREE
COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION

OF WATER
09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 1

INTAKES STRUCTURE
oAre devices or structures in a surface water source to draw water from

this source and then discharge in to an intake conduit.
oconsists of the opening, strainer, or grating through which the water
enters, and the conveying conduit.
oThe following must be considered in designing and locating intakes:
a. The source of supply,
b. The character of the intake surroundings.
Depth of water
Character of bottom
Navigation requirement
The effect of currents floods up on the structure and in scouring the
bottom.
c. The location with respect to sources of pollution; and
d. The prevalence of floating materials such as ice, and vegetation

INTAKES STRUCTURE

METHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
 Depending upon the level of the source of water and the city,
topography of the area, and other local considerations.
1. Gravity Distribution
This is possible when the source of supply is a lake or impounding
reservoir at some elevation above the city.
This is the most reliable method
High pressure for fire fighting, however, may be obtained only by using
the motor pumps of the fire department.

2. Dual Distribution system.

Both pumping and gravity systems are utilized simultaneously when required.
Treated water is pumped at a constant rate  stored in elevated distribution
reservoir distributed to the consumers by the action of gravity excess water
during low demand period gets stored in the reservoir  supplied during high
demand periods
This method allows fairly uniform rates of pumping and hence is economical

3. Use of Pumps with out storage:

treated water is directly pumped into the distribution mains without
storing
It is the least desirable system, for a power failure would mean
complete interruption in water supply.
High lift pumps operate at variable speeds  to match variable water
demand

METHODS OF SUPPLY OF WATER
1. Continuous supply system:

water is supplied to consumers continuously for all the 24 hours
of the day.
◦ adopted when sufficient quantity of water from the source is
available.
◦ water is always available for fire fighting and due to
continuous circulation water always remains fresh
◦ less diameter of pipes are required and rusting of pipes will
be less.
◦ Losses will be more if there are leakages in the system.

METHODS OF SUPPLY OF WATER
2. Intermittent supply system:

◦ the supply of water is divided into zones and each zone is supplied with for fixed
hours in a day or on alternate days.
◦ provided when the quantity of water source is not sufficient enough to meet the
demands of continuous supply.
Advantages:
◦ suitable when water from the source available is limited amount
◦ lead to some saving in water consumption due to losses occurring for lesser time
Disadvantages:
◦ additional costs to construct storage tanks for non-supply hours
◦ bigger sized pipes are to be laid to fulfil the daily supply within few hours of supply
◦ during non-supply hours consumers leave their taps open and cause wastages of water.
◦ does not cover fire risks during non-supply periods, such fire outbreak may bring
disaster & immense damage to life & property

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Function:
A service reservoir has four main functions:
1) To balance the fluctuating demand from the distribution
system, permitting the source to give steady or differently
phased output.
2) Provide a supply during a failure or shutdown of
treatment plant,
3) To give a suitable pressure for the distribution system and
reduce pressure fluctuations therein.
4) To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other
emergency demands.

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Position of Service Reservoirs
should be positioned as near as possible to the area of
demand to safeguard against break down of the supply.
it is desirable to position a service reservoir above the
elevation of the highest building to be supplied.
If the distribution area varies widely in elevation it may be
necessary to use two or more service reservoirs at different
levels, so that the lower area does not receive an
excessively high pressure
To control high pressure
 provide Pressure control valves in inlet mains from service reservoirs in
order to reduce the pressure to low laying zones,
 Break pressure tanks give better protection to low laying zones.

SERVICE RESERVOIRS

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Types of Service Reservoirs
1. Surface reservoir (Ground Reservoir or Non-elevated)
2. Elevated reservoir ( Over head Tank)

Accessories of Service Reservoirs
◦ Inflow/inlet pipe: fitted above the highest water level of the tank for the entry
of water
◦ Outlet pipe: fitted at the lowest water level of the tank, used for the exit of
water
◦ Overflow pipe: fitted at the maximum designed water level to discharge out
the extra water rise above the full designed level.
◦ Drain off pipe: fitted at the lowest possible/bottom water level of the reservoir
used for let-out washed water after cleaning a reservoir
◦ Ladders: are normally steel ladders provided to give facilities of climbing to
the top and to get down inside the reservoir
◦ Manhole: provide access to the inside of the tank
◦ Vent pipes: should be filled on the top cover of the tank to provide ventilation
of the reservoir by allowing fresh air

SERVICE RESERVOIRS

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Design Capacity of Service Reservoirs
The three major components of service storage are:
i. Equalizing or operating storage
ii. Fire reserve
iii. Break down/Emergency reserve
Equalizing or operating capacity = max. surplus + max. deficit
determined by finding out max. cumulative surplus during the stage
when pumping rate is higher than water consumption rate and adding
to this max. cumulative deficit which occurs during the period when
the pumping rate is lower than the demand rate of water.
This done by distributing daily demand over 24hrs, so that hourly
demand is obtained.
Max. surplus and max. deficit can be calculated using two methods
1. Analytical method 2. Mass- curve method

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
For Break down Reserve:-
This is the amount of storage during the break
down of pumps.
From 2 – 3 hrs pumping capacity is provided
against this storage.
For Fire reserve: -

This is storage required for fighting a fire out
break.
 In practice 2 – 5 lit/cap is normally provided for
fire storage.

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Examples
1. small town with a design population of 1600 is to be supplied
water at 150liters per capita per day. The demand of water
during different periods is given in the following table:
Time (hr) 0-3 3-6 6-9 9 -12 12 - 15 15- 18 18 -21 21- 24
Demand(1000liters) 20 25 30 50 35 30 25 25
Determine the capacity of a service reservoir if pumping is done

24 hours at constant rate.
Solution:
Rate of Water supply = 150l/c/d
Total water demand = demand * population
= 150*1600 = 240,000liters
Rate of pumping = 240,000/24 = 10,000lit/hr = 30,000lit/3hr

SERVICE RESERVOIRS

S E RV I C E R ES E RVO I RS
2. If in example -1 pumping is done for:
a. Eight hours from 8 hrs to 16 hrs
b. Eight hrs from 4 hrs to 8 hrs and again 16 hours to
20 hrs.
Solution.
Total water demand = 240,000lit/day-calculated for
e.g. 1
Rate of pumping = 24,000/8 = 30,000l/h =
90,000lit/3hrs

A) Analytical Method
For Graphical Method
Cummula Cummulati
Pumpi Dema Surplu Cumulat tive ve supply
Time ng nd s Deficit ive Demand
0 -3 0 20000 0 -20000 -20000 20000 0
3 -6 0 25000 0 -25000 -45000 45000 0
6 -8 0 20000 0 -20000 -65000 65000 0
8 -930000 10000 20000 0 -45000 75000 30000
9 -1290000 50000 40000 0 -5000 125000 120000
12 -15 90000 35000 55000 0 50000 160000 210000
15
-16 30000 10000 20000 0 70000 170000 240000
16 -18 0 20000 0 -20000 50000 190000 240000
18 -21 0 25000 0 -25000 25000 215000 240000
21 -24 0 25000 0 -25000 0 240000 240000
Maximum cumulative
surplus = 70000
Maximum
cumulativeDeficit = -65000
Balancing Storage , S
= 135000 litres
135 m3

Max surplus
Max deficit

EXERSICES
Water supply is provided through an overhead tank to a population
of 60,000 living in town at a daily basis of 80 litres per capita
water demand. The water is pumped into this tank at uniform rate
for 16 hours of a day i.e. from 4AM to 12AM and from 2PM to
10PM. The demand pattern during 24 hours of the day is as
follows:
Determine the required capacity of overhead tank to fulfil the

balancing reserve.

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
Depth and Shape of Service Reservoirs
There is an economical depth of service reservoir for any
given site.
Size (m3) Depth of water (m)
Up to 3500 2.5 to 3.5
3500 to 15,000 3.5 to 5.0
Over 15,000 5.0 to 7.0

SERVICE RESERVOIRS
SHAPE
Circular reservoir is geometrically the most economical shape,
giving the least amount of walling for a given volume and depth.
But, it is unsuitable for division in to two compartments.
circular shape frequently does not permit best use of available land,
Problems of design will arise if it is to be partially buried in sloping
ground
A rectangular reservoir with a length to width ratio 1.2 to 1.5:
Usually proves most economical when division walls are
incorporated
Floors and roof should be sloped to not flatter than 1:250 for drainage
It is good practice to set the over flow weir slightly higher, say by
50mm, than the top water level at which the supply is cut off by a ball
valve or an electrode.

LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with

appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.
Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply
water from its source to the point of usage.
Requirements of Good Distribution System
Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.
It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with
sufficient pressure head.
It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire
fighting.

Four types of pipe network layouts based on geography and road
layout
1. Dead end system or Tree system or branch system
2. Looped or Gridiron system
3. Ring system
4. Radial system

Dead End/Tree/Branched System:

 distribution system having no loops
 consists several distribution mains emerging out from a common input
point
 each main is then divided into several sub mains, branches laterals, in
which service connections to the consumers are given
 commonly used for rural water supply or older towns which have
developed in a very disorganized manner without properly planned
roads and is also suitable for localities which expand irregularly

Advantages
The design calculations are simple
Cut off valves required are comparatively less in number
The system is cheap and economical
Laying the water pipes is simple
Disadvantages
During repair, a large portion of the distribution system is affected
The pipes terminate at the dead-end and no circulation of air (due to
stagnation, pollution may occur)
Common in small scale rural water supply schemes

Looped or grid Iron system System:
• pipe network with one or more loops
• several pipes are interconnected each other
• multidirectional flow patterns
• increases the capacity of the system to overcome variation in water demands
• preferred from the reliability point of view

Advantages
 Flow can occur in more than one direction and stagnation does not occur
 In case of repairs, a very small portion of the distribution area will be
affected
 When a fire occurs plenty of water is available for fighting purposes.
Disadvantages
 The cost of laying the system is high
 The procedure for calculating the sizes of pipes and for working out
pressures are complicated
 A large number of valves are required.

Ring or circular systems

Supply to the inner pipes is from the mains around the boundary.
Smaller diameter pipes are needed.
The advantages and disadvantages are same as that of grid-Iron system.
suitable for well-planned towns and cities

Circle or ring system

Radial systems
the town or city is divided in to various circular or square zones and
distribution reservoirs are placed at the center of each zone.
 suitable when the town or city can oriented with radial roads and
streets

PIPES USED IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Pipe Materials
For use in transmission and distribution systems, pipe
materials must have the following characteristics:
 Adequate tensile strength and bending strength to
withstand external loads.
 High bursting strength to withstand internal water pressure
 Ability to resist impact loads to water flow, suitability for
handling and joining facilities
 Resistance to both internal and external corrosion

 The types of pipes used for distributing water include:

1. Cast iron pipe
2. Galvanized Iron Pipes
3. Steel pipe
4. Concrete pipe
5. Plastic pipe
6. Asbestos cement pipe
7. Copper pipe
8. Lead pipe

Asbestos cement pipes

Advantages
The inside surface of pipe is smooth
The joining of pipes is very good and
flexible
The pipes are ant-corrosive and cheap
in cost
Light in weight to handle and transport
Disadvantage
The pipes are brittle
The pipes are not durable
The pipes are not laid in exposed
places
The pipes can be used only for very
low pressuret

Cast iron pipes
Advantages
The cost is moderate
The pipes are easily joined
The pipes are not subjected to corrosion
The pipes are strong and durable
Service connections can be made easily
Disadvantage
The breakage of this pipe is large
Carrying capacity decreases with increase
in life
The pipes become heavy and uneconomical
when their sizes increase

Cement Concrete Pipes
Advantages
The inside surfaces of the pipes can be made smooth
The maintenance cost is very low
Under normal conditions the pipes are durable
The pipes can be cast in place(in site)
Due to high weight (heaviness) the pipes can resist force of
buoyancy when placed under water even when they are
empty
Pipes can resist normal traffic loads when placed below
roads
There is no danger of rusting and incrustation

Disadvantage
The pipes are difficult to transport
If no reinforcement is provided it cannot resist high
pressure
The pipes are likely to crack during transport and
handling
The repair of these pipes are difficult
These pipes are affected by acids, alkaline, and salty
waters
These pipes are likely to cause leakage due to porosity

Galvanized Iron Pipes
Advantages
The pipes are cheap
Light in weight and easy to
handle and transport
Easy to join
Disadvantage
These pipes are liable to
incrustation (due to deposition of
some materials inside part of pipe)
Can be easily affected by acidic or
alkaline water
Short useful life

Plastic Pipes
Advantages
The pipes are cheap
The pipes are flexible and possess low
hydraulic resistance (less friction)
They are free from corrosion
The pipes are light in weight and it is
easy to bend, join and install them
The pipes up to certain sizes are
available in coils and therefore it
becomes easy to transport
Disadvantage
The coefficient of expansion for
plastics is high, the pipes are less
resistant to heat
Some types of plastics may impart
taste to the water
Determination of Pipe Sizes
 The size of the pipe is determined by considering the discharge
through the pipe and permissible velocity of the flow in the pipe.
1. Q = A*V
Where, Q = discharge (m3/s)
V = permissible velocity (0.9 to 3 m/s)
A = Cross sectional area of pipe (m2)
Or using
2. Darcy –Weisbach formula;
3. Hazen-Williams formula;
4. Manning’s Formula;

Where C = Hazen-William constant, coefficient that

depends on the material and age of the pipe
D = pipe diameter
L = pipe length
S = slope
n = manning’s coefficient
R = hydraulic mean radius
g = gravitational acceleration
Hf = the loss of head
f = friction factor (which is related to the relative
roughness of the pipe material & the fluid flow
characteristics)

Table - Values of C for the Hazen-Williams formula

Pipe Material C
Asbestos Cement 140
Cast Iron
 Cement lined 130 – 150
 New, unlined 130
 5years-old, unlined 120
 20 years old, unlined 100
Concrete 130
Copper 130 - 140
Plastic 140 -150
New welded Steel 120
New riveted Steel 100

Example

Given
Total population of a town = 80,000
Average daily consumption of water = 150liters/capita/day
If the flow velocity of an outlet pipe from intake is 1.5 m/s, determine the
diameter of the outlet pipe.
Solution
Total flow, Q = Demand* Population = 150*80,000 = 12xlit/day
= 0.1389m3/s
Required pipe area,
But the pipe size available on the market is 300mm & 350mm, then take D =
350mm

Example

A town has a population of 100,000 persons. It is to be supplied with water
from a reservoir situated at a distance of 6.44km. It is stipulated that one-half
of the daily supply of 140lit/capita should be delivered in 6 hours. If the loss of
head is estimated to be 15m, calculate the size of pipe. Assume f = 0.04.
Solution
Total daily supply = 14000000l/d=14000l/d
Since half of this quantity is required in 6 hours
Maximum flow =
Using Darcy –Weisbach formula;

D = 0.683m =683mm

Exercise:
From the above e.g. what is the size of pipe line (L = 1000m) should
be used to supply 100l/s so that the head loss does not exceed 10m.
Use all the three formula, C= 100, n = 0.013, f = 0.035, find also the
velocity.

Energy
Losses in Pipes
Energy loss (head loss) in pipes can be found by one of the
following formulas:
i. Darcy-Weisbach formula
ii. Hazen-Williams formula
iii. Manning’s Formula
Nomographs shown in fig – solve the equation for C = 100.
Given any two of the parameters (Q, D, hf or V), the remaining can
be determined from the intersections along a straight line drawn
across the nomograph.


Exercises

1. Calculate the head loss in diameter 200mm pipe, Q = 30l/sec, f = 0.035, L=
1500m [Ans, hf = 12.20m]
2. For Q = 30l/s, D = 200mm,C = 100,L = 1500,Find head loss, hf.
Solution
From nomograph, hf = 12.0m,
i.e. hf/L = 8/1000, (8/1000)*1500 =12m
Using the formula, hf = 12.30m,
3. For Q = 30l/s, D = 200mm,n = 0.013,L = 1500, find head loss

From Nomograph, hf/L = 0.00825 = 0.00825*1500 = 12.38m

Design of distribution system
Pipe Network Geometry
iL = no. of pipes iL = jL + kL - 1
jL = no. of nodes
kL = no. of loops

Pipe Appurtenances
Valves: Used to isolate and drain pipe line sections for test, inspection,
cleaning and repair
Gate valves. Are installed in every main and sub-main to isolate a portion of
the network system during a repair.
Check-valves (Non-Return valves): used to prevent reversal of flow when a
pump is shut down
Air-Relief Valves. In long pipes lines air will accumulate in the high points
(summits) of the line and may interfere with the flow. It is necessary, therefore,
to place air relief valves at those points where trouble is expected.
Pressure regulating valves. These valves automatically reduce pressure on the
d/s side to any desired magnitude and are used on lines entering low areas of a
city, with out such reductions pressures would be too high.
Sluice Gates. Are vertically sliding valves which are used to open or close
openings in to walls.
Fire hydrants: It is used on mains to provide a connection for fire hazards to
fire fighting
Water meters: to measure consumed water, and the consumer charged
accordingly to the amount of water consumed.

Check valves Air-Relief Valves Gate valves Pressure reducing valves

(PRV).
Water meter Pipe fittings Such as union, tee, Manholes

elbows, compressor

1. Dead-end pattern
While doing the design
 First of all the diameters of the pipes are assumed,
 Then the terminal pressure heads at the end of each pipe section are
determined
The determination of friction loss (hL) can be determined by using Hazen –
William formula/other.
Or the Hazen-Williams nomograph is used to determine HL=S*L in the
nomograph CH=100
The distribution mains are designed for the max. hourly demand of the
maximum requirement day.

Design of distribution system: Branched
Example
A typical layout of a distribution network and the population in
different residential blocks of a town is given below. The rate of
supply of water is 180 l/c/day. The reduced levels of the bottom
of the storage tanks and points A, B, C & D are 150, 130, 129,
131 & 128m with lengths of AB, BC, & CD as 300m, 400m &
500m respectively. Determine suitable size of pipes for the
minimum head of water to be 15m and peak factor to be 2.7.

E
1 G
500
F 14 15
500
2
600 8 300 9 300
700 16
600
3
600 10 500
A B C
D
17 20
4 700 5 11 700 700
700
500 1000
18
13
6 400 22
500
600 I
19
500 300
7 400 12
600 21
J
H

Example
 Determine velocity and
residual D Q = 0.75 m3/min
 Pressure at the demand El.
1167
75 mm
centers.
50 m
El. 1250
El. 1207 El. 1185
R 150 m A 200 m 250 E
200 200 C
m Q = 0.25 m3/min
mm mm El.
75 m 75
1177
mm
75 mm
El. B Q = 1 m3/min
1192

Solution: Velocity Calculation Q = 0.75 m3/min

= 𝑄
𝑉
Velocity is calculated as 𝑑2
D
𝜋 Q = 0.75 m3/min
4 100 mm
El. 1250 v = 1.6 m/s
R A
Q = 1 m3/min Q = 0.25 m3/min
Q = 2 m3/min 125 mm E
150 mm v = 1.4 m/s C 75 mm
Q = 0.25
v = 1.9 m/s v = 0.9 m/s m3/min
Q = 1 m3/min
100 mm
v = 2.1 m/s
B
Q = 1 m3/min

Solution: Head loss calculation
Head loss is calculated as
1.85
𝐿 𝑄 D
h𝑙=10.68
𝐷
4.866 ( ) 𝐶
Q = 0.75 m3/min
100 mm, 50 m
El. 1250 hl = 2.36 m
Q = 2 m3/min Q = 1 m3/min
R
150 mm, 150 m A 125 mm, 200 m Q = 0.25 m3/min
E
hl = 5.43 m C 75 mm, 250 m
hl = 6.04 m
hl = 6.27 m
Q = 1 m3/min
100 mm, 75 m
B hl = 6.03 m

Solution: Residual pressure calculation
Residual pressure is D El. 1167
calculated as El. 1207 hres = 69.17 m
hres = Elv. 1 – Elv 2 - hl hres = 36.96 m hl = 2.36 m
El. 1250
R hl = 6.04 m A hl = 5.43 m hl = 6.27 m
E
C
hres, A = 1250 – 1207 – 6.04 El. 1177 El. 1185
hres = 61.53 m hres = 47.26 m
hres, A = 36.96 m
hl = 6.03 m
B
hres, B = 1250 – 1192 – 6.04 – 6.03
= 45.93 m
El. 1192 or
hres = 45.93 m hres, B = 1207 + 36.96 – 6.03 – 1192
= 45.93 m

2. Pipe networks (Grid Pattern)
A group of interconnected pipes forming several loops or circuits is
called a network of pipes.
The main problem in a pipe network is to determine the distribution
of flow through the various pipes of the network.
The conditions to be satisfied in any network of pipes are:
a. According to the principle of continuity the flow into the junction
must be equal to the flow out of the junction.
b. In each loop, the loss of head due to flow in clock wise direction
must be equal to the loss of head due to flow in anti-clock wise
direction.

3. The Darcy – Weisbach equation must be satisfied for flow in

each pipe. Darcy- Weisbach equation the loss of head HL
through any pipe discharging at the rate of Q can be expressed
as:
Let say, , and the value of ‘n’ ranges b/n 1.72 to 2.0
Then,
Where K = proportionality factor which can be determined for
each pipe, knowing the friction factor f, length L, and the diameter
D of the pipe.


For any pipe, if Qo is the assumed discharge and Q is the corrected
discharge, then:
Inserting equation 2 in to equation 1, we get,
Thus for the complete circuit:
By expanding the terms in the brackets:


For the correct distribution the circuit is balanced and hence .
Therefore,
In the above expression Q has been taken out of the summations as it is
same for all the pipes in the circuit. Solving for Q :
In the above expression for the correction the denominator is the sum of
absolute terms and hence it has no sign.

Procedures
can be expressed as follows:
1. Assume any internally consistent distribution of flow. The sum of the
flows entering any junction must equal the sum of the flows leaving
2. Compute the head losses in each pipe by means of an equation or
diagram. Conventionally, clockwise flows are positive and produce
positive head losses.
3. with due with regard to sign, compute the total head loss around each
circuit: =
4. Compute, without regard to sign, for the same circuit, the sum of:
5. Apply the corrections obtained from equation (3) to the flow in each line.
Lines common to two loops receive both corrections with due attention to
sign.

Example
Consider the single loop of parallel pipes shown below. If a flow of
4000 L/S enters the loop at junction A, what will be the flow rate Q1 in
branch A1B and Q2in branch A2B?

solution
trial -1
S,
Pipe D, mm L, m Q,l/s m/m hL,m hL/Q Q+∆Q
A1B 300 500 300 0.075 37.5 0.125 331
A2B 200 1500 -100 -0.07 -105 1.05 -69
∑ -67.5 1.175
∆Q 31
=31

solution trial -2
Pipe D, mm L, m Q,l/s S, m/m hL,m hl/Q Q+∆Q
A1B 300 500 331 0.085 42.5 0.128 339
A2B 200 1500 -69 -0.037 -55.5 0.804 -61
∑ -13 0.933
∆Q 8
trial -3
Pipe D, mm L, m Q,l/s S, m/m hL,m hl/Q Q+∆Q
A1B 300 500 339 0.09 45 0.13 339
A2B 200 1500 -61 -0.03 -45 0.74 -61
∑ 0.0 0.87
∆Q 0
Therefore
QA1B=339l/sec
QA2B=61l/sec

Example:
1. A water distribution system has been skeletonized and
reduced to the two-loop network given below. A flow rate of
60l/s is pumped into the network at point A, and two major
water withdrawal points, C and D, discharge 20 l/s and 40
l/s, respectively. Determine the flow rate in all the pipes of
the network.

First Trial

Second Trial

Third Trial

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CHAPTER-THREE

COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION

09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 1

oAre devices or structures in a surface water source to draw water from

09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 2

09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 3

09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 4

2. Dual Distribution system.

09/03/2020 BY GEBREWAHID ADHANA 5

3. Use of Pumps with out storage:

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1. Continuous supply system:

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2. Intermittent supply system:

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1. Analytical method 2. Mass- curve method

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For Fire reserve: -

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Determine the capacity of a service reservoir if pumping is done

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Determine the required capacity of overhead tank to fulfil the

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Up to 3500 2.5 to 3.5

3500 to 15,000 3.5 to 5.0

Over 15,000 5.0 to 7.0

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The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with

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Dead End/Tree/Branched System:

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Ring or circular systems

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 The types of pipes used for distributing water include:

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Asbestos cement pipes

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Where C = Hazen-William constant, coefficient that

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Table - Values of C for the Hazen-Williams formula