Network Analysis

Dr. Rizwan Alad

Associate Professor
Department of Electronics & Communication
 Active Element Conventions
• Classified by their voltage-current characteristics.
• Practical generators maintain approximately constant terminal voltage with
increasing load current.
• Ideal Voltage & Current Source
• Neither voltage magnitude nor time variation changes with magnitude of
output current

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Voltage Source & Current Source

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 Controlled Source/Dependent Source

• The source voltage or current is not fixed, but is dependent on a voltage or current at
some other location in the network
• Three Terminal Model
• It is Unilateral, input variable v1 controls the output v2
• But magnitude of current i2, have no influence on the input

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Types of Controlled Source

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 DOT Conventions for Coupled Circuits
• When the magnetic field produced by a changing current
flowing in one coil induces a voltage in other coils, the coils are
said to be coupled
• The windings constitute a transformer
• If the details of transformer construction are known, then for a
current changing in one coil, it is possible to compute the
magnitude and direction of the voltages induced in all other
windings.
• Most manufacturers mark one end of each transformer
winding with a dot (or some such symbol).
• The dot is equivalent to details of construction as far as voltage
direction is concerned.

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 DOT Conventions for Coupled Circuits
• In this section, we will discuss the meaning of dot markings,
how they are experimentally established, and their significance
in circuit analysis.

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 DOT Conventions for Coupled Circuits
• A time-varying source of voltage, vg(t) is connected to winding
1-1 in series with resistor R1.
• At a given instant, the voltage source has the polarity shown
and the current i(t) is flowing in the direction shown by the
arrow and is increasing with time.

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• Current in winding 1-1 causes a magnetic field

• There is a magnetic flux associated with the magnetic field

having a value

• Since winding 2-2 is on the same magnetic core as winding 1-1,

the flux produced in winding 1-1 links winding 2-2. This linking
flux can be described as

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Primary Dot

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Lenz’s Law
• The direction of voltage in winding 2-2 can be found with the a
law given by the German physicist Lenz in 1834.
• In terms of the transformer, Lenz’s law states that the voltage
induced in a coil by a change of flux establishes a current in
the coil in a direction to oppose the change in flux that
produced the voltage.
• The flux in coil 1 is φ21 is directed upward in Fig. and is
increasing.
• To produce a flux in coil 2 is φ12 to oppose this flux
• Direction of current in winding 2-2is established the, top end
of the winding is seen to be positive and so is marked with a
dot.

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Secondary Dot

Primary DOT – Current Entering & Secondary DOT – Current Leaving

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 Waveform in Magnetic Circuit
• Vg(t) increases from zero to a constant value at time t.
• The current i1 and so flux increase with time as shown in (b).
• The induced voltage V2 is proportional to the time rate of
change of i1 and so has the time variation shown in (c).

On the winding selected as 1-1,

Arbitrarily mark one end of
the winding with a dot and to
this terminal connect
the positive terminal

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Generator and Resistor Load Interchanged

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 Conclusion from DOT Marking
• For a transformer with polarity markings (dots),
• Current flowing into the dot on Primary Winding induces a
voltage in the secondary winding which is positive at the dotted
terminal

• Conversely, current flowing out of a dotted terminal induces a

voltage in the secondary winding which is positive at the
undotted terminal.

• This important rule will be applied in Chapter 3 in formulating

circuit equations.

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 More than Two Coupled Coil
• A system with several windings, the same type of analysis can
be carried on for each pair of windings providing some
variation in the form of the dots is employed identify the
relationship between each pair of windings.

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More than Two Coupled Coil

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