Name: Zeinab Thergam Turky

B))Third stage

Q1
 Q2//Discuss the common uses of the calliper log

Q2//Discuss the common uses of the calliper log •

/Solution •
· Contributory information for lithological assessmedt.1 •
Indicator of good .2 •
•
permeability and porosity zones (reservoir rock) due to development of mud cake in association •
with gamma ray log. 3. Calculation of mud cake thickness
Measurement of borehole volume .4 •
Measurement of required cement volume .5 •
Indication of hole quality for the assessment of the likely quality of other logs whose data .6 •
quality is degraded by holes that are out of gauge. Other log data can often be corrected for bad
hole conditions using the caliper readings, but the larger the correction, the less reliable the final
data
.will be •
Selection of consolidated formations for wireline pressure tests, recovery of fluid samples, for .7 •

seating for well testing purposes, and for determining casing setting depths •
Q3//Can the SP be used in defining bed thickness? If •
?so, how
/Solution •
.the bed thickness can also be determined •
Beds having the slightest permeability are detected by a build-up of the SP when there is a •
salinity contrast. If a bed is shaly, can be qualitatively determined. If the resistivity of the the
shaliness formation
water is unknown, the SP curve can often be used to calculate Rw . The Rw can only be •
,determined from a clean
h=Ri/Rm^1/2
◦
where R, is the resistance of the gas region (shallow log reading) a R is the muddy resistance. The 3(
roughest approximation is
H=1/ φ. Where φ is porosity •
Q4//How important is the transit time of the matrix‫؟‬

/Solution
,Use in calculated sonic-derived porosity
Its value is 47.6 μsec/ft for limestone and is 43.5 μsec/ft[
,])fordolomite
Q5//How does pressure affect the bulk
?density

//Solution •
•
When the pressure increases, the density increases, and vice versa

?Q6//Generally, how does the neutron log sense porosity

:Solution
Porosity (or the hydrogen index) can be determined by measuring epithermal or thermal
neutron populations, or by measuring capture gamma rays
Q7//Describe the potential errors in the results •
.from theArchie equation
:Solution •
One of the possibilities for the observed behaviour is that the original Archie’s law •
is incorrect. If that is the case we can hypothesise that there is an unknown
mechanism X oc- curring in the rock which either (i) scales linearly with the pore
fluid resistivity, or which (ii) sales with the porosity to the power of the
cementation exponent (rather than the neg- ative of the cementation exponent). In
other words, an im- proved Archie’s law should look like either of the following two
:equations
Solid Earth, 7, 1157–1169, 2016 •

. ρo=Xρfφ−m,or (4) m −m ρo=ρf X φ

Q8//List the conditions under which the neutron •
.logs are calibrated
:Solution •
7/8th inch borehole 7 -1 •
;diameter •
;Fresh water in borehole and formation-2 •
No mudcake or standoff; 4-Too eccentered in hole; 5- 75 °F temperature; 6--3 •
.Atmospheric pressure