TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIRELESS

GEOLOCATION
 GBS
• GBS – Geolocation base station (obtain location
parameters of mobile station directly or
indirectly).
• BTS – Base transceiver subsystem
• BSC – Base station controller

BSC

BTS
GBS
 WIRELESS GEOLOCATION
• GEOLOCATION – Location based service to
mobile user.
• GBS – RECEIVER
• MS – TRANSMITTER
• LOCATION OF GBS - (Xi , Yi) -> KNOWN
• LOCATION OF MS – (Xm , Ym) -> TO BE FOUND
TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE THE LOCATION OF AN MS

GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 DIRECTION-BASED
• Direction is determined from the AOA (angle of
arrival) of received signal.
• Receiver(GBS) measures the direction of the
received signal from the target transmitter (MS)
using directional antennas / antenna array.
• Accuracy depends on where the transmitter is
located with respect to the receiver.
• More than 2 receivers are needed for accuracy.
GBS1
AOA TECHNIQUE

GBS2
 DISADVANTAGES
CAUSE EFFECT
LOS path may be blocked Not suitable for indoor
buildings, walls and cause geolocation system.
errors.

Requires expensive array Not suitable for low cost

antennas at the indoor applications.
receiver(GBS) to track the
direction of arrival of signal.
 APPLICATION
• Can be used in next generation cellular system
where smart antennas are used to increase
capacity.
 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 DISTANCE BASED
• Distance between the MS and GBS can be
determined using parameters such as
i. Time of arrival
ii. Signal strength
iii. Signal phase
 DISTANCE-BASED
GBS1
d1

GBS2 GBS3

d3 d2
 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 ARRIVAL TIME METHOD
• Arrival time method uses 2 ways of identifying
the distance :
i. Time of arrival (TOA)
ii. Time difference of arrival (TDOA)
 TOA TDOA

• It is based on the • It is the difference in

propagation time of TOA used to locate the
signal from a MS to mobile.
multiple GBSs.

• It provides circles
centered on the mobile • It provides hyperbolas
or fixed transceiver. on which the
receiver(GBS) must be
located at foci.
 TOA TDOA

• Requires knowledge of • Does not require transit

the transmit time of time.
transmitter.

• Hence strict time • Requires time

synchronization synchronization only
between MS and the among all GBSs.
GBSs is required.
 RLS ALGORITHM
• It is used when there are errors in the distance
measurements.
• Let the distance di from the i th GBS ,
di=c*
where c – velocity of light
– time taken by the signal
to reach the GBS.
• Location of i th GBS – (xi , yi)
• Location of mobile – (x , y)
• We have N equations of the form:

fi(x , y)= (x-xi)^2 + (y-yi)^2-di^2=0

for i= 1,2,3,……,N.
 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 SIGNAL STRENGTH METHOD
• If the transmitted power is known, measuring the RSS
(received signal strength) at the GBS can provide an
estimate of the distance.

• Distance is determined using a circle, centered on the

receiver(GBS), on which the mobile transmitter must
lie.

• Accuracy can be improved by using premeasured RSS

contours and by using fuzzy logic algorithm.
 ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Low complexity • Very unreliable due to

receiver shadow fading
(fluctuations around the
mean value and
expected value caused
due to signal being
blocked from GBS).

• GBS do not distinguish

between signal strength
in los path and
reflected path.
 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

RECEIVED SIGNAL PHASE METHOD
• Reference receivers (GBSs) measure the
carrier phase.
ADVANTAGES:
• Differential GPS can improve location accuracy from
about 20m to within 1m.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Ambiguity resulting from periodic property of the
signal phase.
• Multipath condition causes more errors.
 APPLICATION
• Used in indoor geolocation system, along with
TOA/TDOA or RSS method to fine- tune the
location of MS.
 GEOLOCATION TECHNIQUES

DIRECTION - BASED DISTANCE - BASED FINGERPRINTING - BASED

 FINGERPRINTING-BASED
• Develops a “signature database” of a location
grid in specific service areas.
• The received signal is measured as a vehicle
moves along this grid in specific areas and
recorded in signature database.
• When another vehicle moves in the same area,
the signal received from it is compared with
the entry in the database, thus its location is
determined.
 APPLICATOON
• Can be used in indoor applications.
THANK YOU