Introduction to

Module 2 Logical Framework

Approach -
Steps 1-4
Sequencing of tasks
Typical
Difficulties

Communication of Planning
Objectives Problems in
Assurance of Impact Project
Formulation
Can all activities lead to the
desired objectives?
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Measurements Frames & Tools
“Measure what can be measured, make measurable what
cannot be measured” – Galileo Galilei

“You don't have to be a genius or a visionary or even a

college graduate to be successful. You just need a
framework and a dream.” - Michael Dell
“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember,
involve me and I learn.” – Benjamin Franklin

“We become what we behold. We shape our tools, and

thereafter our tools shape us.” - Marshall McLuhan

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Concept Introduction

Backgrou Developed by USAID in 1969

nd

Improvised by other agencies, most

prominently DFID

What helps to clarify how the planned activities

will help to achieve the objectives;

To be explicit about the implications of

carrying out the planned activities in terms
of resources, assumptions, risks.

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Getting a conceptual understanding

– An instrument for logical analysis and structured thinking in project

planning

–A framework, a battery of questions which, if they are used in a

uniform way, provide a structure for the dialogue between different
stakeholders.
–A planning instrument, which encompasses the different elements in a
process of change (problems, objectives, plan for implementation etc).

The project plan may be summarised in a LFA matrix, the log frame,

– An instrument to create participation/accountability/ownership

– Common sense

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Logic

Logic: The art of thinking and reasoning in strict

accordance with the limitations and incapacities of
the human misunderstanding. Ambrose Bierce

Logic takes care of itself; all we have to do is to look

and see how it does it. -Ludwig Wittgenstein

“When dealing with people, remember you are not

dealing with creatures of logic, but creatures of
emotion.” Dale Carnegie

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Causal Effect

Dependent Variable and independent variable

Temporal Precedence

Co-variation of the Cause and Effect

No Plausible Alternative Explanations

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Application

1) identify problems and needs in a certain sector of

society

2) facilitate selecting and setting priorities between

projects

3) plan and implement development projects

effectively

4) follow-up and evaluate development projects.

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Form

Summary of Objectively Means of Important

Objectives and Verifiable Verification Assumptions
Activities Indicators (MoV) and External
(OVI) Factors
Goal      

Purpose      

Outputs      

Activities      
Logic

IF the activities are undertaken, THEN we will

achieve the stated results;

IF the results are achieved, THEN the project

purpose will be achieved; and

IF the purpose is achieved, THEN this should

contribute towards the overall objective.
Steps in the Logical Framework Approach

LFA Steps Purpose

1. Analysis of the Project’s • Ensure relevance of the

Context project by deep problem-
Analysis Phase 2. Stakeholder Analysis solving and brainstorming
3. Problem Analysis
4. Objective Analysis

5. Activity Scheduling • Breakdown activities,

6. Resource Scheduling determine feasibility and
Planning Phase 7. Identifying Key Metrics plan for resources

• Asses if the project can

8. Risk Management continue, without external
Sustainability 9. Analysis of Assumptions support
Phase • Determine if the project
purpose is sustainable in
the long-term
Step 1: Context analysis

The project’s
environment/background information
• Projects part of wider context
• Continuously influenced by different economic,
social and political processes taking place in
society
• Environment in which project will be
implemented
• The impact that a project might have
• Tool: SWOT

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Step 1: Context analysis

13
Step 2: Stakeholder Analysis

Group
1. Beneficiaries/Target group/ End users

Any individual, 2. Implementers

group, or
institution who
has a vested 3. Decision-makers
interest in the
natural resources
of the 4. Partners (External : Creditors, Suppliers, financiers)
project area
and/or who
potentially will be Stakeholders may belong to multiple groups
affected by
project activities
Important for them to participate throughout
and have
something
to gain or lose if Different stakeholders’ combined knowledge about the
conditions situation is a key to the identification of appropriate solutions
change or stay
the same. 14
Step 2: Stakeholder Analysis

Direct/Primary: Project Organisation, Finance

Consultants, Suppliers, Users

Indirect/ Secondary: Regulators, Government, citizens,

Utilities, Technology, Academia

Positive stakeholders: who support the aims and

objectives of the project

Negative stakeholders: who do not support the

project and do not wish it to proceed.

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 Step 2: Project Organisation

Source: ISO Compliant Organisation

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Step 2: Managing Stakeholders

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Analysis: Matrix

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Analysis: Sample

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Stakeholder Analysis

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Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder Impact Influence What is How could How could Strategy for
Name important to the the engaging the
How much How much the stakeholder stakeholder stakeholder
does the influence do stakeholder? contribute to block the
project impact they have over the project? project?
them? (Low, the project?
Medium, High) (Low, Medium,
High)

             

             

             

             

             

             

             

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 Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder Impact Influence What is How could How could Strategy for
Name important to the the engaging the
How much How much
the stakeholder stakeholder stakeholder
does the influence do
stakeholder? contribute to block the
project impact they have over
the project? project?
them? (Low, the project?
Medium, High) (Low, Medium,
High)
 Minister Medium  High  Politics  Sponsorshi  Withdraw/  Frequent
p Change Interaction
 Director of  Medium  High  Career  Planning  Transfer,  Frequent
PHD Error interaction
 PHD Staff  High  Medium  Career  Implement  non-  Detailed
ation/Monit ownership Roadmap
oring
 Beneficiarie  High  Low  Outcomes  Use  Non use  Participatio
s n, 22
 Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder Impact Influence What is How could the How could the Strategy for
Name important to stakeholder stakeholder engaging the
How much does How much
the contribute to block the stakeholder
the project influence do
stakeholder? the project? project?
impact them? they have over
(Low, Medium, the project?
High) (Low, Medium,
High)
 Families  High  Low  Status Quo  Support  non Participation,
support  
 Local Health  High  Medium  Status Quo  Implementat  Poor  Training,
Providers ion implementa Incentives
tion
 Community  High High  Status Quo Support   Non Community
support Meetings,
Transparent
Implementati
on
Media Low Low Story Information Misinformati Periodic
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Step 3: Problem Analysis/Situation Analysis
Reason for Existence of project

Helps in:

• Developing a clear understanding of not only the surface problems, but also their
underlying causes and constraints
• Determining the real size and complexity of the problem and the relationships
between different contributing factors
• Determining how the problem affects groups (women, men, marginalized
populations) or may be caused by the unequal treatment of different groups in
society
• Determining short-, medium- and long-term interventions that may be necessary for
a sustainable solution
• Identifying the partnerships that may be necessary to effectively address the
problem
• Assessing the roles that different stakeholders may need to play in solving the
problem
• Estimating the resources that may be required to deal with the problem and its
causes

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Step 3: Problem Analysis/Situation Analysis
Some Basic questions to be answered
include:
• What is the main/focal problem that would be solved
with the aid of the project? (Why is a change/a project
needed?)
• What are the causes of this problem? (Why does it
exist?)
• What effects does the problem have? (Why is it
important to solve the problem?)
• Who is affected by the problem
• Who “owns” the problem?
• Are the initial problems identified the most critical
problems to be addressed?

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Problem or not a problem?
Poor septic tanks

Limited Rainwater tanks

Limited water supply

Ground water contamination

Poor quality drinking water

High Family expense on healthcare

High rates of sick children

Children absent from school

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 Problem

SIDA Logical Framework Approach

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Problem Trees

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Problem Trees

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Sample Problem Tree

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Sample Problem Tree

Johanna Rasimus, EU, 2013

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Step 4 Objective Analysis

Proceeding from Problem to Solutions

Objectives should be at 3 levels

• Goal (Overall, Long Term, WHY)

• Purpose (Direct, Short Term, why(SMART)
• Output/Outcome (Immediate, What)

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Objective Trees

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Problem and Solution Trees

Goal

Relationship between Problem and Objective Analysis (SIDA Logical Framework Approach)

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Sample Objective Tree

Johanna Rasimus, EU, 2013

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 Sample Trees

3. Problem and objective tree: from the project entitled “Development of national legal databases for capacity-building to enhance access to environment law
information in Africa" UNEP Project Manual
4. Sample Problem and Objectives Tree: MDF (2005)

36
Sample Trees

3. Problem and objective tree: from the project entitled “Development of national legal databases for capacity-building to enhance access to
environment law information in Africa" UNEP Project Manual

37
Sample Trees

3. Problem and objective tree: from the project entitled “Development of national legal databases for capacity-building to enhance access to environment law
information in Africa" UNEP Project Manual

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Healthcare case -
L FA
Healthcare and sanitation issues
Un-qualified
Garbage
doctors
disposal Low quality of Lack of Post Poor sanitation
mechanism Primary Health Insufficient
natal care
care emergency care
rooms and ICUs

Lack of trained and

qualifies medical
Poor No public Availability of
professionals
infrastructure at toilets vaccines is
Lack of PHC centers No post-natal
education limited
ward
garbage
disposal
Non-availability
Lack of
of specialists Lack of Beds for Poor Health awareness
in-patients and Hygiene
conditions Funds
channelized
Untrained elsewhere
nurses Local
government
being
indifferent
Problem Tree – Causes
Lack of trained and Non-
Un-qualified Untrained
qualifies medical availability of
doctors nurses
Low quality or professionals specialists
Primary Health
Care Poor infrastructure Lack of Beds Insufficient emergency
at PHC centers for in-patients care rooms and ICUs

Focal Availability of vaccines Lack of

Problem is limited awareness
Lack of post natal
care
No post-natal ward
Poor Health
and hygiene
Lack of education
garbage disposal Funds
channelized
Garbage Disposal elsewhere
No established
waste disposal
disposal
mechanism
Local
government
being indifferent
Poor Sanitation No public toilets
Problem Tree - Effects
Decreasing life
Long term expectancy
community
effect
Children born
Focal
with
Problem
deformities or
malnutrition

Economic Loss in Poor Health

effect productivity and hygiene

Frequent
disease
outbreaks
Decrease in
quality of life
Increasing
occupational
and other
health risks
Objective Tree
Trained and Appoint and
Robust background Provide
Qualified monitor visits of
checks for Doctors training for
Medical specialist
at PHC centers local nurses
professionals community doctors
Improved
Quality of PHCs
Set-up atleast on
Improved Increase no. of
ICU and improve
infrastructure hospital beds
facilities in ER

Partner with Private

sector to make
Improved medicines and
vaccines available Set-up atleast one
Health and Availability of
post natal ward per
hygiene post natal care
Increase awareness village
facilities
among expecting
parents

Bring in experts to
establish waste disposal
Established mechanism and educate Monitor funds and
system for community establish accountability
garbage with local government –
disposal and Set up at least 1 public create representatives
better hygiene toilet per street from the community
Thank You
Thank you

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