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COMMUNICATIONS
By
Muhammad Zubair Khan Qureshi
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Orbit
3. Kepler’s Laws
4. Elements of Satellite Communications
5. Advantages of Satellites
6. Disadvantages of Satellites
7. Applications
9. First Satellite Launchings by Country
10. Conclusion
1.INTRODUCTION
Satellite is a microwave repeater in the space
There are about 750 satellites in space, most of them
are used for communication
They are used for wide area coverage of earth’s surface
Transmission delay is about 0.3 sec
Transmission cost is independent of distance
Ref: [1]
MEANING OF “SATELLITE”
The word “Satellite” is originated from the Latin word
“Satellit” – meaning an attendant, one who is
constantly hovering around and attending to a
“master” or a big man
Ref: [3]
COMMUNICATION SATELLITE?
A satellite is an object that orbits another large object
like planet
Ref: [4]
THE ORIGIN OF SATELLITE
The concept of using object in space to reflect signals
for communication was proved by Naval Research Lab
in Washington D.C. when it use the Moon to establish
a very low data rate link between Washington and
Hawaii (in late 1940’s)
Data Rate: Number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time
Ref: [5]
Russia also started to enter the space age by
successfully launching SPUTNIK – the first spacecraft
to orbit the earth (in Oct, 1957)
THE ORIGIN OF SATELLITE (contd..)
The American followed by launching an experimental
satellite EXPLORER in 1958
In 1960 two satellite were deployed “ECHO” and
“COURIER”
In 1963 – SYNCOM
In 1965 – INTELSAT & MOLNYA – which provides
video (Television) and voice (Telephone)
WHY USE SATELLITE?
Satellite communication is just one example of
wireless communication systems
Familiar examples of wireless systems are all around
us
i.e; radio, television-broadcasting, mobile & cordless
telephones
These systems rely on a network of ground-based
transmitters and receivers and for this reason they are
often referred to as “Terrestrial” systems
Terrestrial: Refers to things related to land or the planet Earth
Ref: [6]
WHY USE SATELLITE? (contd..)
One major use of satellites familiar to everyone is
“Satellite Television Broadcasting”
Ref: [7]
WHY USE SATELLITE? (contd..)
Other applications of satellite communications
include;
1-High Speed Internet
2-Telephony The working or use of telephones Ref: [8]
3-Networks for multinational businesses
Ref: [9]
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK?
A Satellite is basically a self-contained communication
system with the ability to receive signals from Earth
and to retransmit those signals back with the use of a
Transponder I will discuss about “Satellite
Transponder” in later slides
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK?
Two stations on Earth want to communicate through
radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means
The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station
for their communication
One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite
This is called “UPLINK”
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK contd..
K
IN
PL
U
Ref: [10]
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK contd..
The Satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it
down to the second earth station.
This is called “DOWNLINK”
Purpose:
It is mainly used in satellite communication to transfer the
received signals
HOW DO SATELLITES WORK contd..
D
K
O
IN
W
N
PL
LI
U
N
Ref: [10]
K
EARLY SATELLITES
TELSTAR
Allowed live transmission across the Atlantic
SYNCOM
First Geosynchronous Satellite Ref: [11]
Geosynchronous Satellite: With an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period
Ref: [25]
2.ORBITS Ref: [15]
Ref: [16]
SATELLITE ORBITS DEFINITIONS
Geocentre:
When satellites orbit the Earth, either in a circular or elliptical
orbit, the satellite orbit forms a plane that passes through the
centre of gravity or geocentre of the Earth
Direction of Rotation around the Earth:
There are two ways in which a satellite orbit may be categorized:
POSIGRADE: The rotation around the earth is said to be
Ref: [19]
HOW SATELLITE STAYS IN ORBIT?
Centripetal Force:
A center seeking force which means that the force is always directed
toward the center of the circle
Ref: [20]
3.ORIGIN OF PLANETRY LAWS
Ref: [21]
KEPLER’S SECOND LAW
“The line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps
equal areas in equal times”
Ref: [21]
KEPLER’S THIRD LAW
Kepler's third law quantifies the observation that
more distant orbits have longer periods. Unlike
Kepler's first and second laws that describe the motion
characteristics of a single planet, the third law makes a
comparison between the motion characteristics of
different planets.
STATEMENT SAYS:
“The square of the orbital period of a planet is
proportional to the cube of the mean distance from
the Sun”
Ref: [21]
KEPLER’S THIRD LAW contd…
Near Orbit Distant Orbit
Distant Orbit 1
revolution = Near
Orbit 2
revolutions
Ref: [21]
4.ELEMENTS OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
The basic elements of a communication satellite
service are divided between;
1. Space Segment
2. Ground Segment
The space segment consists of the spacecraft and
launch mechanism
The ground segment comprises the earth station
and network control center of entire satellite system
SPACE SEGMENT
Space segment consist of a satellite in suitable orbit
Space segment classified on the basis of orbit
Ref: [22]
SATELLITE ORBIT ALTITUDES
Start Range=35786 km & above
35786 km
8000 km
Start Range=500 km End Range=1500 km
1500 km
500 km
Ref: [22]
GROUND SEGMENT
The ground segment of each service has distinct
characteristics
Services are;
FSS (Fixed Service Satellite)
Example: Point-to-Point Communication
BSS (Broadcast Service Satellite)
Example: Satellite Television/Radio
Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS)
MSS (Mobile Service Satellite)
Example: Satellite Phones
LOW EARTH ORBIT (LEO)
LEO satellites are much closer to the earth then GEO
satellites
ORBITAL RANGE: From 500 to 1500 KM above the
earth’s surface
LEO satellites don’t stay in fixed position relative to
the surface, and are only visible for 15 to 20 minutes
each pass
A network of LEO satellite is necessary for LEO
satellites to be useful
ADVANTAGES OF LEO
A LEO satellite’s communication to earth compared to
a GEO satellite gives it a better signal strength and less
of a time delay, which makes it better for POINT-TO-
POINT communication
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) is the change in frequency of a wave (or other
periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source.
Ref: [27]
MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT (MEO)
MEO satellites are above the LEO satellites and below
the GEO satellites
ORBITAL RANGE: Between 8000 KM and 18000 KM
above the earth’s surface
Similar to LEO satellites in functionality
MEO satellites are visible for much longer periods of
time than LEO satellites, usually between 2 to 8 hours
MEO satellites have larger coverage area then LEO
satellites
ADVANTAGES OF MEO
A MEO satellite’s longer duration of visibility and
wider footprint means fewer satellites are needed
in a MEO network than a LEO network
DISADVANTAGES OF MEO
A MEO satellite’s distance gives it a longer time delay
and weaker signal than a LEO satellite, though not as
bad as a GEO satellite
GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT (GEO)
GEO satellites are above LEO and MEO satellites
1. Positioning in orbit
2. Stability
3. Power
4. Communications
5. Harsh Environment
7.APPLICATIONS
Ref: [23]
APPLICATIONS contd…
TELEPHONY:
Fixed points -> earth station -> satellite ->
earth stations -> fixed points
TELEVISION AND RADIO:
e.g; Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) & Fixed Service
Satellite (FSS)
MOBILE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY:
Special antenna called “Mobile Satellite Antenna”
No matter where or how this antenna is mounted on
APPLICATIONS contd…
RADIO:
Radio Broadcast
Low Earth Orbits
INTERNET:
High Speed
Useful for far away places
MILITARY:
Uses Geostationary Satellites
e.g; The Defense Satellite Communications
9.FIRST SATELLITE LAUNCHINGS BY
COUNTRY
CONCLUSION
Every thing has advantages and disadvantages but as a
whole, satellites remain the best utilization used for
communications due to their speed and other
advantages mentioned in this presentation
Communication Satellites bring the world to you
Anywhere and Any Time
REFERENCES
[1]- http://www.iconshock.com/networking-icons/
[2]- http://www.integ-europe.com/
[3]- http://www.gma.org/surfing/sats.html
[4]- http://www.intelsatgeneral.com/resources/satellite-basics
[5]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate
[6]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrestrial
[7]- http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/satellite-tv1.htm
[8]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephony
[9]- http://business.hughesnet.com/business-broadband
[10]- http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/satellite/communications_satellite/communications-satellite-technology.php
[11]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellite
[12]- http://cryptome.org/echelon-ep-fin.htm
[13]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_%28satellite_communications%29
[14]- http://www.physicsclassroom.com/calcpad/circgrav
[15]- http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2012/10/16/space-leap-of-faith/#.VTuwJJP-nQJ
[16]- http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/satellite/satellite-orbits/satellites-orbit-definitions.php
[17]- http://imgarcade.com/1/elliptical-orbit-animation/
[18]- http://www.slideshare.net/gupshupcornercomm/pakistani-chat-roomschatroomgupshupcornersatellitelec1
[19]- http://quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/rockets/principles.html
[20]- http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/physics/phys06/bcentrif/lrsmlv.gif
[21]- http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Kep3laws.htm
[22]- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_orbits
[23]- https://www.viasat.com/enterprise-satellite-networks/linkstar-system
[24] - http://www.sccs.swarthmore.edu/users/05/shupe/orbits.html
[25] - http://www.mpoweruk.com/satellites.htm
[26] - http://www.gktoday.in/geostationary-and-geosynchronous-orbits/
[27] - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect