SPATIAL

REASONING - 3

CHAPTER 10. (book) - CHAPTER 11 (Pearson)

 INDEX
FORMULAS IN THREE DIMENSIONS For Next Classes

Diagonal of a Right Rectangular Prism

Distance and Midpoint Formulas in three
dimensions
Prism and Cylinders - Surface area and
volume
Pyramids and Cones - surface area and
volume
 General objectives

Develop and apply the distance and midpoint formulas in three dimensions.

Vocabulary
Polyhedron: a 3D figure formed by four or more polygons (2D) that intersect only at their edges.
Prism: A polyhedron formed by two parallel congruent polygonal bases connected by lateral faces
that are parallelograms.
Space: The set of all points in three dimensions
Midpoint: The point that divides a segment into two congruent segments.
 Diagonal of a Right Rectangular Prism
A diagonal of a three-dimensional figure connects two vertices of two different faces.

As you can see, the diagonal

X (now a leg) with the
If you look to the prism diagonal d (now the
Diagonal d of a
from the top view you´ll see hypotenuse) and the height
rectangular prism is shown
a diagonal X h, it is formed a right triangle
in the diagram.
inside the rectangular prism

 
The measure of X can be find   the measure of d using The
So
using The Pythagorean Theorem Pythagorean Theorem is:
 Diagonal of a Right Rectangular prism
 If
and let’s substitute the first equation into the second and
we will have

This is known as the Pythagorean Theorem in three dimensions

Using The Pythagorean Theorem in Three Dimensions
 To understand more the 3dimensional
figures is important to understand the
representation of the 3 dimensions in the
coordinate plane or on the now called
space.

SPACE
The space is the set of all points in three dimensions.

Three coordinates are needed to locate a point in space.

A three dimensional coordinate system has 3

perpendicular axes: The x-axis, the y-axis and the z-axis.
An ordered triple (x, y, z) is used to locate a point.
 To locate the point ( 3, 2, 4 ), start at
(0,0,0) and move 3 units forward (on the x
axis), 2 units right (parallel the y axis) and
then 4 units up ( parallel to z axis)

This is how the space plane

look like.
Graphing figures in three dimensions.
 Measuring Figures in three Dimensions
● As you have the coordinates of a figure
you can find the distance between 2
points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2) by drawing
a rectangular prism with the given points
as endpoints of a diagonal. Then use the
formula that we learned before.
(Diagonal in right prism).
● Also you can use a formula called the
“distance formula” or the “midpoint
formula” adapted to the three dimensional
figures. All them are related to the
Pythagorean Theorem.
 Distance and midpoint Formula – 2D
●  
When we work on 2 dimensions we
●   the midpoints in 2 dimension we
For
can find a distance between 2 points
use the formula:
using the formula:

In few words is the difference squared

between the last point and the initial point
applied to the Pythagorean Theorem.
 Distance and midpoint Formulas – 3D

● Now that we have three dimensions and the points are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), let´s see how the
formulas are adapted.
 USING FORMULAS TO FIND DISTANCES AND
MIDPOINTS IN THREE DIMENSION

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
 USING FORMULAS TO FIND DISTANCES AND
MIDPOINTS IN THREE DIMENSION

APPLICATION – SOLVED EXAMPLE