The Contemporary World

THE
CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
Crisanto A. Daing, Ph.D
Author
1 | The Contemporary World

PREFACE
It is every teacher’s dream to deliver his/her responsibility well to the students. Every student
walks within the confines of the classroom with a dream of transforming his/her life for the
better, trying to appreciate and understand the pressing concerns and the demands of the
contemporary world.
In the course of the fulfillment of the teacher’s noble task in carrying out his/her duties in making
each student’s dream into a reality, challenges may come along the way.
In this worktext, the teacher aids the students in understanding the world as they are exposed
to varied issues and realities.

THE BOOK DESIGN
The worktext comes in complete package making it certain that learning is both fun and
functional. It covers the major skills needed to develop the general education course’s learning
outcomes for intellectual competencies, personal and civic responsibilities as well as practical
skills. The worktext has the following components:
CONNECTING- This increases the awareness of the students as to what are expected from
them in the course of the discussion of the lesson.
CONFIGURING- It uses any news article, opinion editorial, or any activity that activates the prior
learning of the students or bridges them to the present topic of discussion.
DECODING- This checks the comprehension, draws out views and ideas regarding the material
used in the Configuring part.
ADVANCING- It utilizes professional journals and other tools in discussing the concept or the
topic to make the students understand the lesson.

CREATING- In this specific component, students are expected to do learning outputs or
perform tasks that assess the students’ learning in the lesson.
UPLOADING- The students are asked to read supplementary materials and do homework
exercises that reinforce their understanding in the lesson.
The selections are carefully chosen to represent significant events that make students really
understand and appreciate the contemporary world.
All skills and competencies developed in the worktext comply with the competencies developed
and suggested by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).
Copyright 2018 by:
Crisanto A. Daing, Ph.D.
Disclaimer: All literary works that appear on the book are copyrighted by their respective owners. We claim
no credit for them unless otherwise noted. If you own the rights to any of the works and do not wish them to
appear on the book, please contact us and they will promptly be removed.

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course introduces students to the contemporary world by examining the multifaceted
phenomenon of globalization. Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines
the economic, political, technological, and other transformations that have created an
increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places around the globe.
To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance,
development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the students to the world outside the
Philippines, it seeks to inculcate a sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
COURSE DESCRIPTION UNIT 1
Lesson 1 Introduction to Globalization .....................................................................6
Lesson 2 The Global Economy .....................................................................17
Lesson 3 Market Integration .....................................................................27
Lesson 4 The Global Interstate System .....................................................................44
Lesson 5 Global Contemporary Governance .....................................................................58
UNIT 2
Lesson 6 Global Divides: The North and the South ......................................................67
Lesson 7 Asian Regionalism .....................................................................76
Lesson 8 Global Media Cultures .....................................................................86
Lesson 9 The Globalization of Religion ....................................................................98
Lesson 10 The Global City ....................................................................110
UNIT 3
Lesson 11 Global Demography ....................................................................121
Lesson 12 Global Migration ....................................................................131
Lesson 13 Sustainable Development ....................................................................139
Lesson 14 Global Food Security ....................................................................148
Lesson 15 Global Citizenship ....................................................................161

LESSON 1
UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHIES OF
THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION
CONNECTING
The students are expected to:
• Define globalization
• Identify the underlying philosophies of the varied
definitions of globalization
CONFIGURING
KFC Looks to Conquer Africa with Fried Chicken Chain to open hundreds of
restaurants in a dozen countries
(NEWSER) - Kentucky Fried Chicken wants to take over Africa. Like McDonald's and other fast-
food giants, KFC parent company Yum Brands has been countering the slowdown in American
spending with expansion overseas. Having populated China with KFC outlets, Yum now plans
to double the number of stores in Africa to 1,200, the Wall Street Journal reports. KFC has had
an outlet in South Africa since 1971, but Yum plans to open them, and sister restaurants, in
Nigeria, Namibia, Mozambique, Ghana, Zambia, and elsewhere.

Yum is betting that its expansion will be supported by a growing African middle class—
more than 40% of Africans now live in urban areas, and the number of families with disposable
income is surging. Though they ignored the continent for a long time, firms "are now focusing on
the emerging world, with a bit of a gold rush going on," says Yum's CEO.
DECODING
1. What is the news all about?
2. What did you feel after reading the news? Do you think it can do something for
Africa? For the world?
3. What do you think is the implication of this news to the world?

ADVANCING
GLOBALIZATlONDEFINED
The term globalization is not new in the modern context. Many researches, debates
and discussions were made as to the meaning of the word. Cuturela (2012) cited a published
work, Towards New Education, which used the term “globalization” in 1930. Globalization
means to designate an overview of the human experience in education. On the other hand,
Inosemtsev (2008) distinguished globalization as one of the most known social studies, but is
still a hollow terminology. However, after the Cold

War the term was already used to define an interdependent world when it comes to its
economical and informational dimensions. As it is defined by Webster, globalization is the
development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked by free trade, free flow of
capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets.
Robertson (1992), in his article, Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, defined
globalization as the “understanding of the world and the increased perception of the world as a
whole.” Therefore, the term has a rich concept that people need to have deliberate grasp in
order to fully understand the term. In fact, Albrow and King (1990) defined globalization as “all
those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.
This only means that peoples around the globe live in a borderless community.
It is, however, significant to say that globalization has exerted a tremendously serious impact on
each sovereign state. The transnational spread of capital and the formation of the global
markets have replaced the disintegrated economies of various countries.
The work of Giddens (1991) has supported this claim when he highlighted in his definition that
globalization is the process of intensifying social relationships among countries around the
world connecting separate localities in a manner in which local events are formed as a result of
happenings that have occurred from afar. There is a rapid interconnection worldwide that links
among people in the local, national and even

in regional context. This interconnectedness is created because of social and economic
relationships and networks which are relevant in the global interactions.
Steger (2005) cited Freeden (2003) who pointed out that globalization denotes not an ideology,
but ‘a range of processes nesting under one rather unwieldy epithet. He furthered that global
flows occur in different physical and mental dimensions.
Steger (2005), on the other hand, opined that globalization should be confined to a set of
complex, social processes that are changing out current social condition derived from the
modern independence of nation-states. He furthered that key concepts of globalization have
been defined such as multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and
intensity worldwide social interdependencies and exchange while making people aware of
connections between the local and the distant.
The term globalization should be confined to a set of complex, sometimes contradictory, social
processes that are changing our current social condition based on the modern system of
independent nation-states. Indeed, most scholars of globalization have defined their key
concept along those lines as a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same
time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and
the distant.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2000) identified some overviews of various areas of

globalization. Globalization ‘offers extensive opportunities for truly
worldwide development, but it is not progressing evenly’. IMF conveyed that there are some
countries that have been able to integrate into the global market rapidly, yet there are also some
that have not yet integrated. Those countries that were able to integrate in the global market are
growing fast and are able to reduce problems of poverty.
To reiterate, globalization is not a recent phenomenon and there is nothing mystifying about it.
In the 1980’s, the term “globalization” has become a common word manifesting advances in
modern technologies that have made international transactions, in both trade and finances,
convenient, accessible, and easy. IMF (2000) noted that globalization refers to an extension
beyond national borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels
of human economic activity which includes village markets, urban industries, or financial
centers.
Conversely, Hutton & Giddens, as cited by Cuturela (2009) emphasized that globalization is the
interplay of extraordinary technological innovation mixed with influence of the world that gives
today’s changing its complexity. T hey expressed that the balance between science or
knowledge and resources has changed in such a way that science and knowledge have
become perhaps the most significant factor in the determination of the country/s standard of
living. Truly, the countries with the most advanced economies are the countries with the most
modern technology based on science and knowledge.

THE FIVE CORE CLAIMS OF MARKET GLOBALISM
Steger (2014) pointed out that in the mid-1990’s, more population in the global north and
south had accepted globalism’s core claims, thus internalizing large parts of its overarching neo-
liberal framework that advocated the deregulation of markets, the liberalization of trade, the
privatization of state-owned enterprises, and, after 9/11, the qualified support of the global ‘War on
Terror’ under US leadership.

The five core claims of market globalism are as follows:
First claim is that, Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of
market. This is absolutely anchored in the neo—liberal ideal of self-regulating market as the
normative basis for a future global order. This perspective explains the relevant functions of free
market-its rationality and efficiency, as well as its alleged ability to bring about greater social
integration and material progress-can only be realized in a democratic society that values and
protects individual freedom.

The second claim is that, Globalization is inevitable and irreversible. The
market-globalist perspective sees globalization as the spread of irreversible market
forces driven by technological innovations that make the global integration of national economies
inevitable. As a matter of fact, market globalism is always interlaced with a belief that markets
have the capacity to use new technologies to solve social problems.
Nobody is in charge of globalization is the third claim. This claim highlights the
semantic link between ‘globalization-market’ and the adjacent idea of

‘leaderlessness’. Robert Hormats (1998) opined that ‘The great beauty of globalization is that no
one is in control.’ This only means that no individual, no government or no institution has the
control over globalization. Similarly, Thomas Friedman (1999:112-3) emphasized that the most
basic truth about globalization is this: ‘No one is in charge...But the global marketplace today is
an Electronic Herd of often anonymous stock, bond, and currency traders and multinational
investors, connected by screens and networks.’
The next claim is that, Globalization benefits everyone. This lies at the heart of market
globalism and represents a ‘good’ phenomenon. AT the 19986 G-7 Summit in Lyons, France, the
heads of state and government of the world’s seven most powerful industrialized nations issued
a joint Economic Communique (1996) that exemplifies the principal meaning of this claim:
Economic growth and progress in today’s interdependent world is bound up with the process of
globalization. Globalization provides great opportunities for the future, not only for our countries,
but for all others, too. Its many positive aspects include an unprecedented expansion of
investment and trade; the opening up to international trade of the world’s most populous regions
and opportunities for more developing countries to improve their standards of living; the
increasingly rapid dissemination of information, technological innovation, and the proliferation of
skilled jobs.
The fifth and the last claim is that, Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the
world. Francis Fukuyama (2000) stressed that there exists a ‘clear

correlation’ between the country’s level of economic development and successful democracy.
While globalization and capital development do not automatically produce democracies, ‘the
level of economic development resulting from globalization is conducive to the creation of
complex civil societies with a powerful middle class. It is this class and societal structure that
facilitates democracy’.
The former First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton (1999) praised the Eastern Europe’s economic
transition towards capitalism by saying, “The emergence of new businesses and shopping
centers in former communist countries should be seen as the ‘backbone of democracy.’
CREATING
A. Make your personal concept map of globalization based on the discussion in
Advancing. After drawing out concepts, you need to synthesize a personal definition of
the term, “globalization.”

A sample concept map is provided for you.
Source:Retrieved, March 5, 2018.
https://www.slideshare.net/ecumene/4-qlobalisation-economic-powerpoint-presentation

Synthesis:
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B. BIG GROUP SHARING
With the help of the teacher, the class will generate its collective definition of
globalization based on the concepts shared by the students.

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From the five core claims of market globalism, choose two claims and give one
situation or example in each that supports the claim of your choice.

Claim Situation/example
UPLOADING
Clip or copy any news article which you think has relevance to the
concept of globalization. Write a 50-word summary of the clip.
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LESSON 2
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY CONNECTING

• Distinguish economic globalization and
modern world system

• Identify the actors that facilitate
economic globalization
• Articulate a stance on global economicintegration
CONFIGURING
Trade takes center stage
President Trump made it clear during the 2016 presidential campaign that he intended to either
renegotiate or withdraw from most of the United States’ international trade agreements. In 2018,
he may finally focus his energy on these campaign promises, which would put our prosperity at
risk.
Early on in 2017, he announced the U.S. withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. We’re
already beginning to see the negative impact of that decision. Our economic and political
influence in Asia may decline in 2018 and the years ahead.

He has also set his sights on the North American Free Trade Agreement and began
renegotiating its terms. Talks are likely to accelerate in 2018, with the pact’s unraveling a real
possibility.
And in interviews, he has declared the World Trade Organization “a disaster.”
International trade deals are an often misunderstood part of U.S. economic policy. However,
they can have a large impact on the economy.
Since the end of World War II, the U.S. has taken the lead in setting up a multilateral, rules-
based system of international trade. Central to this system was the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade. In 1994, this agreement was transformed into the WTO.
Under this system, world trade has expanded dramatically over the last 70 years. In 1947, trade
accounted for approximately 6 percent of U.S. gross domestic product, whereas it now
accounts for approximately 15 percent. Today, U.S. exports support over 11 million jobs, while
imports of many staples from overseas increase the purchasing power of domestic households.
A retreat from a multilateral rules-based system of trade brings with it many problems.
Domestically, it increases the probability of “trade wars” with our major trading partners.
Relatively minor disputes could easily escalate into trade sanctions and counter-sanctions, like
in the aftermath of the Depression-era Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which raised tariffs on hundreds of
imports.

Internationally, it could make it more difficult for developing countries to engage in
trade relations with their much larger and wealthier counterparts. While the Trump
administration has drawn attention to the U.S.’s large trade deficit, most economists agree that
trade agreements have little to no effect on that.
Certainly, some aspects of institutions such as NAFTA and the WTO can be
questioned. However, a general retreat from the postwar system of trade could be a dangerous
path for both the U.S. and the broader world economy.
DECODING
1. Why do you think President Trump has said during his presidential campaign that
he would renegotiate or withdraw U.S.’s international trade agreements?
2. What do you think are the effects of US withdrawal to international trade
agreements?
3. Will the Philippines be affected of this motion? Why or why not?

ADVANCING
THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
The discussion will primary be guided by this question: “Why the regions around the
globe are have glaring differences when it comes to economy?”

For the past centuries, the global economy has significantly changed. In the 11th
century, the long distance trading flourished between Venice and the Netherlands. The woolen
industry in the 13th century in Flanders and in 14th century in Florence can also be an example of
a sustained economic growth throughout history. Those global changes have contributed much
to the economy of the world. There was the birth of capitalism.
Conversely, the standards of living of most of the population in the globe have
remained at the subsistence levels until in the middle of 18th century. In Gary Gereffi’s journal,
The Global Economy: Organization, Governance, and Development, he mentioned that the
global changes are attributed to how the global economy is organized and governed. He
furthered that these changes give impact not only to the flow of goods and services across
national borders, but also the implications of these processes for how a particular country move
up or down in the international scene.
Nowadays, the various countries’ strategies on development are influenced by the
new degree on how industries are organized. These development strategies are manifested in a
shift in theoretical frameworks from those centered on the legacies and actors of nation-states
to a greater concern with supranational institutions and transnational organizations. Developed
countries and developing countries like the Philippines have to fully understand the impact of
the contemporary global economy to improve their position in the global system.

There is no singular academic field that can completely explain the topic of global
economy because it is inherently interdisciplinary. According to Gereffi, the global economy can
be studied at different levels of analysis.
First is at the macro level in which this includes the international organizations and
regimes that establish rules and norms for the global community. The World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization, and the International Labor
Organization are the existing international organizations that make impact to the economy of the
world. The regional integration schemes like the European Union and the North American Free
Trade Agreement are also part of these organizations. Since these regimes blend both the rules
and resources, they substantiate the widest parameters within which the global economy
operates.
Next is the meso level in which it is believed that the building blocks for the global
economy are the countries and firms. The global economy is seen as the arena in which
countries compete in different product markets.
The last is at the micro level. There is a growing literature on the resistance to
globalization by consumer groups, activists, and transnational social movements. Therborn
(2000) expressed, “There are many theories related to economic sociology incorporate the
global economy in their frameworks, but they differ in the degree to which it is conceptualized
as a system that shapes the behavior and motivation of actors inside it, or as an arena where
nationally determined actors meet, interact, and influence each other. ”

The development of a world trading system over a period of several centuries helped
to create the tripartite structure of core, semi peripheral, and peripheral economic areas.
According to world-systems theory, the upward or downward mobility of nations in the core,
semi periphery, and periphery is determined by a country’s mode of incorporation in the
capitalist world-economy, and these shifts can only be accurately portrayed by an in-depth
analysis of the cycles of capitalist accumulation in the longue duree of history (Wallerstein
1974, 1980, 1989; Arrighi 1994). The foundation for a process of industrialization and new
international divisions of labor on a global scale is attributed to the dynamics of the capitalist
world-system. Adam Smith, an eighteenth-century political economist, defined “division of labor”
as the specialization of workers in different parts of the production process, usually in factory
setting.
Gereffi stressed that the division of labor also acquired a geographical dimension
during the influx of industrial economies as evolved. In a global scope, the “classic”
international division of labor was between the industrial countries producing manufactured
goods and the non-industrialized economies that supplied raw materials and agricultural
products to the industrial nations which became a market for basic manufacturers. Years after
World War II, trade flows have become far more complex, and so have the relationships
between the developed and the developing nations of the global economy.

CREATING
A. Individual Activity: Based on the explanation about the global economy and your
understanding about the topic, make a list on the advantages and
disadvantages of the global free trade.

The Global Economic Integration
Advantages Disadvantages

B. From your list in Activity A, decide whether you agree or disagree to the
proposition that: “Global economic integration has done more harm than
good.” You may scribble down your arguments supporting your stance. Prepare
for a class argumentation to be facilitated by your instructor.
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C. Journal Writing: Write your short reflection or insights from the topic
discussed.
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UPLOADING
Define the following terminologies and give their descriptions and/ or contributions
to the global economy:

A. International Monetary Fund
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B. The World Bank
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C. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
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D. The Bretton Woods System
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LESSON 3
MARKET INTEGRATION
CONNECTING
• Explain the role of international financial
institutions in the creation of a global economy
• Identify the attributes of global corporations
CONFIGURING
Globalization and Labor Market Integration in Late Nineteenth- and Early
Twentieth-Century Asia
By: Gregg Huff and Giovanni Caggiano

(Excerpted from the article.Retrieved from: https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media 32242 en.pdf.)
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, globalization swept through Asia, transforming
its product and labor markets. By the 1880s steamships had largely replaced sailing
vessels for transport within Asia as well as to Western markets, and

shipping fares had begun to fall sharply. Also already underway was the mass migration of
Indian and Chinese workers, principally from the labor-abundant areas of Madras in India and
the provinces of Kwangtung (Guangdong) and Fukien (Fujian) in Southeastern China, to land-
abundant but labor-scarce parts of Asia. Chief among the immigrant-receiving countries were
Burma, Malaya and Thailand (Siam) in Southeast Asia. Indian and Chinese labor inflows to
these countries constituted the bulk of two of three main late nineteenth- and early twentieth-
century global migration movements, the other being European immigration to the New World.
Immigration to Southeast Asia was almost entirely in response to its growing demand for
workers which, in turn, derived from rapidly expanding demand in core industrial countries for
Southeast Asian exports.
Studies by Latham and Neal (1983) and by Brandt (1985, 1989) establish the
development of an integrated Asian rice market beginning in the latter part of the nineteenth
century (see also, .Myung, 2000). Furthermore, a series of articles and books by Williamson
and his co-authors reveal internationally integrated commodity markets and relative factor price
convergence in conjunction with pre-World War II globalization. ( Williamson, 2000, 2002;
O’Rourke and Williamson, 1999; Hatton and Williamson, 2005). But in contrast to work on
product market integration, the possible emergence of an integrated Asian labor market has
attracted less attention. In part this reflects the lack of Asian wage data. As Harley (2000, p.
928) observes, “Analysis of the low-wage periphery, which is most relevant to modern
[globalization] debate, is
restricted by data availability”. This article makes available for the first time the data needed to
test for labor market integration over a large part of Asia.
The article has two main aims. One is to analyze whether as part of pre-World War II
globalization an integrated Asian market for unskilled labor existed to encompass Asia’s chief
emigrant-sending regions of South India and Southeastern China and the principal Southeast
Asian receiving countries for Indian and Chinese immigrants. Our metric for integration,
following both econometric works on GDP convergence and Robertson’s recent analysis of
integrated labor markets, comprises three complementary criteria: (i) that wages do not diverge
from a common trend; (ii) that over time wage dispersion does not increase; and (iii) that a
correction mechanism pushes wages towards equilibrium relationship aftershocks. It can be
misleading, as Robertson (2000, p.728) warns, to rely on price as a criterion for integration.
Markets are integrated if adjustment mechanisms operate to correct deviations from a wage
differential or “gap”.
Second, the article aims to compare wage trends in the area of Asia from South India
to South China and including Burma, Malaya and Thailand with an industrial core of the global
economy, defined as the United Kingdom, United States, Germany and France. Were unskilled
labor markets in Asia and the industrial core similarly affected by globalization such that in
these two parts of the world wages followed a common trend? Or, in contrast to commodity
markets, was globalization in Asia and the industrial core associated with a drifting apart of real
unskilled wages?

We argue that by the late nineteenth century South India, Southeastern China and the
three Southeast Asian countries had become integrated and constituted a unified labor market.
Furthermore, Asian evidence reveals a period of real wage convergence prior to the 1930s. But
labor market integration that characterized Asia, and also obtained in the industrial core,
stopped at the geographical frontiers of each of these two regions. Unlike Asia’s export of
primary commodities, flows of Asian labor hardly penetrated either the core industrial countries,
or the wider Atlantic economy. The pre-World War II labor market pattern was, instead, one of
strong divergence between Asia and the world’s rapidly developing and industrializing core
economies.
DECODING
1. What do you think is the purpose of the article?
2. From the article read, define what market integration is.
3. Extract the statements that prove that there was market integration in Asia.
4. Describe the labor market integration in the late 19th century and in the early 20th century.

ADVANCING
The Rise of the Global Corporation
By: Deane Neubauer
Part One: The historic rise of the global corporation—three periods
As indicated throughout this text, global corporations are inseparable from the more general
phenomenon of globalization itself. It follows that how one identifies globalization serves to
“locate” global corporations, both in the complex interactive pattern defined by globalization and
within given historical periods.
The approach to the study of globalization sometimes termed “historical globalization” locates
the phenomenon itself in early patterns of trade and exchange (Bentley, J. 2003; Gills, 2006;
Moore and Lewis 2000.) In early historical periods as both cities and countries extended their
reach beyond their own borders, this view holds, a form of globalization was initiated which then
followed complex patterns of interactive engagements organized through trade and directly
influenced by the emergent and subsequently dominant technologies, especially in shipping
and navigation (Harvey, 1990). As Moore and Lewis contend, the entities operating within this
environment were functionally and organizationally not so very different from contemporary
organizations, being possessed of “head offices, foreign branch plants, corporate hierarchies,
extraterritorial business law, and even a bit of foreign direct investment and value-added activity
(Moore and Lewis, 2000; 31-32).

The vast heterogeneity of this long period, however, leads a majority of scholars to
situate the direct antecedents of the contemporary global corporation within the dynamics of a
two plus-centuries long duration spanning the period prior to the end of WW II in which the
modern nation state system emerged in ways that allowed invention and social organization to
combine that vastly increased world capital and the wealth of nation states. Coupled with an
extraordinary rise in global population that attended the industrial revolution, the societies that
arose would invent new ways to organize the world itself through colonialism and imperialism
that vastly attenuated their interactions between peoples, states and regions such that a clearly
differentiated era of global interaction can be said to exist (Harvey, 1990). Many of the
characteristics of the global corporation that we examine directly in this chapter date from this
period (e.g. patterns of equity ownership, corporate ownership and management of subsidiaries,
the relationship of “central” organizational functions to supply and distribution chains, etc.) as
attributes of corporate structures in the most prosperous and globally-engaged nations (largely
through colonial and imperialist relationships).
As the world emerged from the vast destructions of WWII, economic recovery and
expansion were led overwhelming by American corporations which for a period from the end of
the war until the re-entry of Japanese and European corporations onto the global scene
essentially stood for what by then had come by then to be viewed as multinational corporations
(MNCs) (Barnet and Muller, 1974). This period from the end of WWII to the present can be
viewed, therefore, as a third and distinct period in the

transformation of the global corporation. As the next parts of this chapter detail, the
transformations of the global corporation occurring within this third period have been far
reaching and distinctive, reflecting changes taking place within the broader structural
dimensions of globalization itself and at the same time significantly contributing to those
continuing changes.
Part Two: How do global corporations function? What constitutes a global corporation?
The contemporary global corporation is simultaneously and commonly referred to either as a
multinational corporation (MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC), an international company,
or a global company. While much of the remainder of this chapter will serve to clarify some of
these distinctions, those offered by Iwan (2012) are practically useful.
International companies are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of
their home country; Multinational companies have investment in other countries, but do not
have coordinated product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting their
products and services to each individual local market.
Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically
market their products and services to each individual local market.

Transnational companies are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and develop (R&D)
and marketing powers to each individual foreign market.
More formally the transnational corporation has been defined by the United Nations
Centre on T ransnational Corporations (UNCTC) as an “enterprise that engages in activities which
add value (manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) in more than one country (UCTC,
1991).” This chapter will employ the term “global corporation” to refer to all of these types, seeking
within specific contexts to be clear about which usage most applies. As many of the citations
employed below indicate, however, these distinctions are often not employed within the literature.
An understanding of how global corporations operate within contemporary globalization
requires a brief recounting of some of the major changes that have taken place over the almost
seventy years since the end of WWII. As indicated above, US corporations operating internationally
had enormous advantages in the immediate postwar period as they—virtually alone in the world—
emerged from the war with their productive, organization and distributional capacities intact. What
would take shape as the beginning of contemporary globalization, however, dates from the
economic recovery of capital structures in Japan and Europe and the re-entry into global markets of
their national corporations. By 1974 Barnet and Muller in a path-breaking volume could both define
the MNC as a major economic global actor and begin an effective description of how this particular
corporate form was coming to dominate various

aspects of global production and exchange (Barnet and Muller, 1974). A considerable amount of
other scholarly work documents various “waves” of global corporate development through the
subsequent six decades to the present.
The overall structure of this system would stay in place and continue to develop throughout the
1970s and 1980’s—a period that stands chronologically just prior to three fundamental
innovations that have substantially changed the character of the global corporation: the advent
and impact of digitalization and instantaneous global communications; the structural
transformation of global commerce from producer-driven commodity chains to buyer-driven; and
the increasing role performed through the global system by financial elements and the
emergence of the global financial firm. (The post-war period can be delineated in a number of
ways. Geriffe for example emphasizes three structural periods: Investment-based globalization
(1950-1970); Trade-based globalization (1970-1995); Digital globalization (1995 onwards.)
Within this analysis the nature of the global corporation changes accordingly, being driven in
each case by its evolving purposes and by its extended reach and abilities (Geriffe 2001: 1616-
18). Another method of projecting this growth is to examine the sources and levels of Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) most of which was of corporate origin. As Hedley indicates, in 1900 only
European corporations were major investors, to be joined by some American firms in the 1930s.
Citing UN data he dates 1960 as the major turning point for FDI as the major driver of extended
global corporate development. In each subsequent decade until the turn of the century, FDI
would triple (Hedley 1999).

Throughout these periods economists, other scholars and government actors at both
the national and transnational level tended to “frame” the progressive growth of the global
corporate structure (again, referred to almost indiscriminately as either MNC’s or TNC’s) through
efforts to define, measure and assess the extent and consequences of foreign direct
investment, defined initially and primarily as the entry of private capital from a source external to
a country into a receiving country. Usually referred to in terms of “out-ward” and “in-ward” flows,
supplies of FDI were viewed as the major elements of global economic development, and
during various policy periods as “essential” for the development of what was then viewed as the
“third” world, even if in reality the vast majority of FDI into the 1990s was between countries of
the “developed” world—primarily North America, Europe and Japan. Since 1964 the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has focused on the various roles
that FDI plays in the development process and has maintained an extensive policy library of
global FDI statistics as well as the dense structure of regulation that frame global corporate
cross-border engagements (Fredriksson 2003). Periods of intense FDI changed the global
corporate landscape. During the period 1985-1990 FDI grew at an average rate of 30% a year.
One result, unsurprisingly, was the landscape of corporate units and their relationship to each
other. DeAnne Julius indicates that the expansion of FDI, inter-corporate alliances, and intra-
firm trade during this period reached a level at which “a qualitatively different set of linkages”
was created among advanced economies (Julius 1990). It was estimated that some 20,000 new
corporate alliances were formed just in the period 1996-1998 (Gilpin, 2000: 170).

The investment-based period was dominated by producer-driven commodity or value
chains, which in turn tended to be dominated by firms characterized by large amounts of
concentrated capital focused on large-scale or capital-intensive manufacturing or extractive
industries. The organization of the dominant global firms during this period was powerfully
influenced by the transformation within national economies of the older manufacturing
companies wrought by what was viewed as the progressive “de-industrialization” of these
economies through wide-scale off-shoring of labor applications and its related costs. This
progressive shift in the silting of manufacture transformed the dominant manufacturing firms of
these older developed companies into more fully extended and integrated organizational forms
that moved many such firms from a self-conscious understanding of themselves as “national
firms operating internationally” into more authentically global firms that required extensive
corporate integration of their activities throughout the world.
Many corporate structures, especially those in the United States, operating within the
frame of the producer-driven commodity chain had been organized by what came to be
recognized as “fordist” management principles. U.S. firms in particular had sought to transport
these models abroad to their international manufacturing holdings. The emergence of Japan as
a major producer nation, especially of automobiles and consumer electronics from the 1970’s
on, brought onto the scene new models of effective production focused especially on quality
and regimes of flexible production— a move that was echoed within European firms rejoining
the global commodity chains.

These activities were experienced by U.S. firms as unwelcome challenges to their
previously virtually unchallenged positions on product design, production efficiency, and quality
—and ultimately on the ability of these corporate structures to maintain their accustomed
returns on investment. The result was a progressive “reinventing” of the American business
model, especially the industrial model—a challenge that would dominate the curricula of U.S.
business schools for over two decades (Risi 2005) and which is also continuously associated
with the global value shift from manufacturing capital to finance and human capital in
progressively networking societies (Castells, 2009).

Part Three: What is different about this phase of global corporate development?
The so-called “developing economies”, and especially those of Brazil, India and China
—the so-called BRICS economies, have become the most dynamic sector of global corporate
growth, represented in part by their significant FDI over the three decades.
The relative size, growth and range of activity of global corporations from the
emerging economies suggest that they are on a trajectory that will soon situate them firmly
within those of the historically more developed economies. The number of global corporations
from the emerging market economies listed in the Fortune Global 500, which ranks corporations
by revenue, rose from 47 firms in 2005 to 95 in 2010. These companies have also become
active in the broad pattern of global mergers and acquisitions (M&A), a primary vehicle by which
corporate concentration takes place. To

cite Ahern: “In 2010 these companies accounted for 2,447 acquisitions, or 22% of global
M&A transactions, which is up from 661 acquisitions, or 9% of total M&A acquisitions, in
2001. Of the 11,113 M&A deals announced in 2010, 5,623 (50%) involved merging market
companies, either as buyers or as take-over targets of MNCs in advanced countries”
(Ahern 2011: 23). The fact that the global economic slowdown resulting from the financial
crisis of 2007 has had a lesser impact on many developing economies, especially the
BRICS, indicates the extent to which they have become a new and important source of
capital within the global system.
Capital flows in general over the past decade and a half have begun to change from the
dominant North-North/North-South dynamic to one in which South-South and South-North
capital flows are significant (Rajan 2010) with most of the South-North capital flows
coming from China and India. Examples include China’s Lenovo corporation’s purchase of
IBM’s PC business and India’s investment in various historically British firms including
Jaguar Land Rover (Economist, 2011). Increased North-South investments during this
period allowed global North corporations to rebound quickly from their profit losses and
restore income growth. The relative robust nature of the emerging economies has
continued to attract FDI and to create conditions leading to the rapid expansion of their
nationally based global corporations (UNCTAD, 2011: 26).

The importance of global corporations in Brazil, India and China to the current
and projected global economy is singular. With 40% of the world’s population the BRICS
represent a primary force in both global production and consumption.
Hawksworth and Cookson predict that “middle class” consumers in China and
India will grow from some 1.8 billion in 2010 to 3.2 billion in 2020 and 4.9 billion by 2030
(2008). The relative import of their global corporate cultures can be gauged in part by
the fact that in 2012 global corporations in China made up 73 of the largest in the
Fortune 500 list (CNN Money 2012), and whereas Brazil and India with 8 apiece
currently account for a small share of such corporations, emergent market countries are
projected to account for a near doubling of their share of world trade over the next 40
years, reaching nearly 70% by 2050 (Ahern, 2011). In 1998 only one of the top 100
global corporations was located outside the US, Europe or Japan (Oatley 2008).
(Excerpted from, The Rise of the Global Corporation by Deane Neubauer)

CREATING
A. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION
Guide Questions:
1. Why is the study of globalization termed, historical globalization?
2. Explain the roles of international financial institutions in the creation of a global
economy.
3. What are the attributes of global corporations?
4. Do global corporations do good or harm? Cite examples.
B. Journal Writing: Write your short reflection or insights from the topic discussed.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

C. Venn Diagram: Complete the graphic organizer below by supplying the
differences and similarities of the identified global corporations.

UPLOADING
FILM VIEWING
Watch the film, The Corporation directed by Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbot. Write a film
review or reaction paper with the aid of the guide questions. Properly cite references
when you use facts and opinions that support your claims.
What is your general impression of the film?
What is the general storyline of the movie?
Who are the actors who play major characters?
What are the strengths of the film? What about the weaknesses? What evidences prove these
in relation to your opening paragraph.
What is your final message to the audience in relation to your introduction? Will you
recommend the film? Why or why not?

LESSON 4
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
CONNECTING
• Explain the effects of globalization on
governments
• Identify the institutions that govern international relations
CONFIGURING

DECODING
1. Share your work with the class.
2. Explain why you came up with such diagram, illustration or web.
3. Do you think your work is relevant today? Why?
ADVANCING
An International Civilization? Empire, Internationalism and the Crisis of the Mid-twentieth
Century
By Mark Mazower
(International Affairs 82, 3 (2006) 553-566, © The Royal Institute of International Affairs 2006) On
7 March 1934, an unusual event took place at Madison Square Garden in New York. Twenty
thousand people attended a meeting there to hear speeches marking the Nazis’ first year in
power and denouncing the regime. The rally was organized as a mock trial and was
advertised in the press as the ‘Case of civilization against Hitler’, with indictment, witnesses
and, eventually, a judgment delivered by a Minister of the Community Church of New York
City. ‘Hitlerism denounced as a crime against civilization,’ ran the headline in the New York
Times the following day. Organized principally by the American Jewish Congress, the meeting
anticipated Nuremberg in its consciousness of the power of what the scholar Louis Anthes
calls ‘publicly deliberative drama’. It looked forward, too, to the Cold War in its evocation of a
joint Judeo-Christian
civilization ranged against the threat of totalitarianism. But in its emphasis on that common
‘civilization’ it looked backwards, to the concept that lay at the heart of the claim to world
leadership that Europeans had been advancing since at least the early nineteenth century.
It was really after the defeat of Napoleon that the concept of a European civilization became
fundamental to new understandings of international order and new techniques of international
rule. In France, Guizot abandoned the Enlightenment project of fitting Europe into a scheme of
universal history for the [Herderian] task of tracing the continent’s own cultural roots. As he put it
in his History of civilization in Europe: ‘civilization is a sort of ocean, constituting the wealth of a
people, and on whose bosom all the elements of the life of that people, all the powers
supporting its existence, assemble and unite’. It was just possible, thought Guizot, to locate
among the various civilizations of the world a specifically European variant: ‘It is evident,’ he
wrote, ‘that there is a European civilization; that a certain unity pervades the civilization of the
various European states...’
In Britain, John Stuart Mill suggested by contrast that there was but a single model of
civilization; but this too—in his 1836 essay on ‘Civilization’—he located in Europe since ‘all [the
elements of civilization] exist in modern Europe, and especially in Great Britain, in a more
eminent degree... than at any other place or time. Whether one believed like Mill that civilization
was singular and hierarchical, or plural and historically

relative—and as time went on Mill would win out over Guizot—what came to be seen
as self-evident was civilization’s location in Europe.
One fertile intellectual elaboration of this belief was—as we have learned from the work of Martti
Koskenniemi and Antony Anghie—the new discipline of (mostly positivist) international law. As a
generalization and adaptation of the values of the Concert of Europe, international law was
designed as an aid to the preservation of order among sovereign states, and its principles were
explicitly stated as applying only to civilized states—much as Mill saw his principles of liberty as
applying solely to members of ‘a civilized community’. In 1845 the influential American
international lawyer Henry Wheaton had actually talked in terms of the ‘international law of
Christianity’ versus ‘the law used by Mohammedan Powers’; but within twenty or thirty years,
such pluralism had all but vanished. According to the late nineteenth century legal commentator,
W. E. Hall, international law ‘is a product of the special civilization of modern Europe and forms
a highly artificial system of which the principles cannot be supposed to be understood or
recognized by countries differently civilized... Such states only can be presumed to be subject
to it as are inheritors of that civilization.
Thus conceived, international law faced the issue of the relationship between a civilized
Christendom and the non-civilized world. States could join the magic circle through the doctrine
of international recognition, which took place when ‘a state is brought by increasing civilization
within the realm of law.’ In the 1880s James Lorimer suggested there were three categories of
humanity—civilized, barbaric and savage,

and thus three corresponding grades of recognition (plenary political; partial political; natural, or
mere human). Most Victorian commentators believed that barbaric states might be admitted
gradually or in part. Westlake proposed, for instance, that: ‘Our international society exercises
the right of admitting outside states to parts of its international law without necessarily admitting
them to the whole of it.’ Others disagreed: entry ‘into the circle of law-governed countries’ was a
formal matter, and ‘full recognition’ all but impossible.
The case of the Ottoman Empire exemplified this ambivalent process. Of course European
states had been making treaties with the sultans since the sixteenth century. But following the
Crimean War the empire was declared as lying within the ‘Public law of Europe’—a move which
some commentators then and now saw as the moment when international law ceased to apply
only to Christian states but which is perhaps better viewed as a warning to Russia to uphold the
principles of collective consultation henceforth rather than trying to dictate unilaterally to the
Turks.
In fact, despite its internal administrative reforms, the empire was never regarded in Europe as
being fully civilized, the capitulations remained in force, and throughout the nineteenth century
the chief justification of the other Powers for supporting first autonomy and then independence
for new Christian Balkan states was that removing them from Ottoman rule was the best means
of civilizing them. We can see this clearly in contemporary attitudes towards the military
occupation of Ottoman territory by European armies. After the Franco-Prussian War,
international lawyers had

devised the notion of belligerent occupation—a state of affairs in which a military occupant
interfered as little as was compatible with military necessity in the internal affairs of the occupied
country so as not to prejudice the rights of the former ruler of that territory who was regarded as
remaining sovereign until a peace settlement might conclude otherwise. Belligerent occupation
was, in other words, a compact between so-called civilized states not to unilaterally challenge
each other’s legitimate right to rule. In the case of Ottoman territory, the Powers felt no such
inhibitions: the Russians in Bulgaria in 1877, the Habsburgs in Bosnia the following year, and
the British in Egypt in 1882 all demonstrated through their extensive rearrangement of provincial
administrations, that although they would allow the Ottoman sultan to retain a fig-leaf of formal
sovereignty, in fact the theory of belligerent occupation did not apply in his lands. Thirty years
later, the Austrians [in 1908] and the British [in 1914] went further: on both occasions they
unilaterally declared Ottoman sovereignty over the territories they were occupying at an end,
suggesting that whatever had or had not been agreed at Paris in 1856, by the early twentieth
century, the Ottoman empire was regarded once again as lying outside the circle of civilization.
[The fact that it was a Muslim power was certainly not irrelevant to this. In 1915, when the
French and Russians prepared a diplomatic protest at the mass murder of Ottoman Armenians,
their initial draft condemned the massacres as ‘crimes against Christendom’. Only when the
British mentioned that they were worried over the possible impact of such a formulation on
Indian Muslim opinion was the wording changed to ‘crimes against humanity.’

If the Ottoman Empire was, as it were, semi-civilized, then sub-Saharan Africa—site of
the main European land-grab in the late nineteenth century— was savage. European and
American lawyers extended the notion of the protectorate— originally employed for new
European states such as Greece—to the new colonial situation, ostensibly as a way of shielding
vulnerable non-European states from the depredations of other European Powers, but more
urgently, in order to avoid complications among the Powers which might trigger off further
conflict. In the increasingly radicalized world-view of late nineteenth century European
imperialism, protectorates might be a way of slowing down social transformation—in the
interests of ‘native customs’—as much as they were of introducing it. ‘Much interest attaches to
legislation for protectorates, in which the touch of civilization is cautiously applied to matters
barbaric, ‘wrote a commentator in the Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation in 1899.
Yet the concept of civilization remained vital. The treaty that followed Berlin Colonial Conference
of 1884-85, which marked the attempt to diplomatically manage the Scramble for Africa, talked
of the need ‘to initiate the indigenous populations into the advantages of civilization.’
In this way, Victorian international law divided the world according to its standard of
civilization. Inside Europe—and in other areas of the world colonized by Europeans—there was
the sphere of civilized life: this meant—roughly—the protection of property; the rule of law on
the basis—usually—of codes or constitutions; effective administration of its territory by a state;
warfare conducted by a regular army; and

freedom of conscience. The fundamental task of international law in this zone was to
resolve conflicts between sovereign states in the absence of an overarching sovereign. Outside
this sphere, the task was to define terms upon which sovereignty—full or partial—might be
bestowed. It was thus in the non-European world that the enormity of the task required in
acquiring sovereignty could best be grasped. There, too, the potential costs—in terms of
legalized violence—of failing to attain the standard of civilization were most evident.
The laws of war, codified by the Great Powers at length at the end of the nineteenth century,
were designed to minimize the severity of conflicts between civilized states. But where no
reciprocity of civilized behavior could be expected, European armies were taught they need not
observe them—or indeed in some versions—any rules at all. Britain’s General J.F.C. Fuller
noted that ‘in small wars against uncivilized nations, the form of warfare to be adopted must
tone with the shade of culture existing in the land, by which I mean that, against people
possessing a low civilization, war must be more brutal in type.’ The 1914 British Manual of
Military Law, too, emphasized that ‘rules of International Law apply only to warfare between
civilized nations... They do not apply in wars with uncivilized states and tribes.’ After all, savages
were impressed only by force; fanaticism could be stopped only through an awesome
demonstration of technological superiority. ‘A shell smashing into a putative inaccessible village
stronghold is an indication of the relentless energy and superior skill of the well-equipped
civilized foe. Instead of merely rousing his wrath, these acts are much more

likely to make [the fanatical savage] raise his hands in surrender.’ These were the words of
Colonel Elbridge Colby, an interwar US advocate of air power in colonial insurgencies (and
father of William Colby, future director of the CIA and architect of the Advanced Pacification
Campaign in Vietnam).
Until well after the First World War, it was axiomatic that ‘international law is a product of the
special civilization of modern Europe itself.’ The United States was, by the century’s end,
regarded from this point of view as a European power, if not of the first rank. But Washington—
which had stood on the sidelines during the carve-up of Africa, had achieved a special
relationship to international law following the war with Spain. Through the Roosevelt Corollary, it
toughened up its reading of the Monroe Doctrine, while at the same time encouraging the pan
American codification of international law as a way of enshrining its own regional hegemony.
Siam was admitted to the Hague conferences as a mark of respect; but in China, where the
Boxer Rebellion was put down with enormous violence—on the grounds that it was ‘an outrage
against the comity of nations’—the unequal treaties remained in force. It was only the Japanese
who seriously challenged the nineteenth century identification of civilization with Christendom.
Having adhered to several international conventions, and revised their civil and criminal codes,
they managed to negotiate the repeal of the unequal treaties from 1894 onwards, as well as to
win back control over their tariffs, and their victory over Russia in 1905 simply confirmed their
status as a major Power. Not surprisingly,

the Young Turks—desperate to repeal the humiliating capitulations—could not hear enough of
the Japanese success.
The Japanese achievement confirmed that the standard of civilization being offered by the
Powers was capable of being met by non-Christian, non-European states. But the Japanese
achievement was also unique. After the ending of the Russo-Japanese war, the Second Hague
Conference of 1907 talked of ‘the interests of humanity, and the ever progressive needs of
civilization.’ But could civilization (with a capital C) really ever be universalized, and how far
could it be extended? Many had their doubts. German and Italian jurists essentially ruled out
any non-European power receiving full recognition; the prominent Russian jurist de Martens
was equally emphatic. As for the empire-builders, in Africa, in particular, as well as in the
Pacific, many liberals and Gladstonians came to terms with imperialism at century’s end—as
Saul Dubow has recently reminded us—because they thought in terms of a kind of an imperial
cosmopolitanism or commonwealth, in which individual peoples might preserve their own
distinctive cultures. Where necessary, of course, civilized powers had to rule others to ensure
this.
The idea of trusteeship, which was—with a slightly different coloration—to become the lynchpin
of the League of Nations system of colonial rule, expressed a similar caution about the
exportability of (European) civilization. Unilaterally abrogating Ottoman sovereignty in Egypt in
December 1914, the British proclaimed that they regarded themselves as ‘trustees for the
inhabitants’ of the country. Their unilateralism

was only one sign of the death of the old Concert and its values. Blazing a trail that others
would follow in the wars of the coming century, they tore up one of the fundamental axioms of
the late-nineteenth century European order—that the basic legitimacy of the sovereign ruler
would always be respected—and replaced it with a new understanding in which sovereignty
inhered, not in the head of state, but in the people or nation. What Nehal Bhuta has recently—in
the case of Iraq—called the doctrine of ‘transformative occupation’ thus makes its appearance.
CREATING
A. ESSAY WRITING: Respond to the following questions intelligently.
1. Discuss the concept of European civilization. How did it become significant in the
international order and rule?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________
2. What are the three categories of humanity? How is each category described in the
article?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________

3. Comment on the “Japanese achievement” as discussed in the article.
4. React on the concept s of civilization as expressed by Guizot and Mill.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________
5. Is the Victorian International Law still significant today across all nations? Why or why
not?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________

B. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION: Read the article, “The Rise of International
Law and Universal Principles” by Hans Schattle.
Guide Questions:
Enumerate the provisions of international law discussed in the article.
Discuss the institutions that govern international relations.
Discuss transgovernmental networks.
What are the limitations of the United Nations?
What is the doctrine of “responsibility to protect (R2P)?
C. CAROUSEL LEARNING ACTIVITY. Students in group have to answer
questions based on the articles discussed in the lesson.
UPLOADING
Research the following concepts.
1. Peace of Westphalia
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________

2. Supranationalism
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
3. Napoleonic Code
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
4. The Concert of Europe and its Tenets
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
5. Liberal Internationalism
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________
6. The League of Nations
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
___________________________________________

LESSON 5
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
CONNECTING
• Identify the roles and functions of United
• Discuss the challenges of globalNations

governance in the 21st century
• Formulate a position paper to explain the relevance of the state amid globalization
CONFIGURING
ICC Is Investigating Duterte, Who Suddenly Wants Out He says
Philippines is withdrawing from the ICC, ‘effective immediately’

By Kate Seamons, Newser Staff
(Retrieved from:
http://www.newser.com/story/256563/duterte-called-the-icc-bulls-now-he-wants-
out.html.
)
(NEWSER) - Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte has had a bumpy relationship with
the International Criminal Court. He once described it as “bulls---,” then in February said he
welcomed its preliminary investigation into allegations of crimes

against humanity during Duterte’s war on drugs. Now, he says he’ll pull the Philippines from the
court altogether, “effective immediately,” though the BBC reports that formally withdrawing from
the ICC is a year-long process. “It is apparent that the ICC is being utilized as a political tool
against the Philippines,” he said, while blasting the “baseless, unprecedented, and outrageous
attacks” directed at him by the UN. The Guardian looks at the recent-most bad blood between
the two that apparently spurred those comments.
Duterte’s government put a UN special rapporteur on a list of communist terrorists, leading the
body’s commissioner for human rights to say last week that Duterte needs “some sort of
psychiatric examination.” Should the Philippines successfully withdraw its ratification of the
treaty that created the ICC, it would be only the second country to do so, after Burundi. But that
wouldn’t protect Duterte from a potential trial, as the treaty states “withdrawal shall not affect
any cooperation with the court in connection with criminal investigations.” Still, the BBC notes it
could make the Philippines less cooperative. Speaking of cooperation, the country’s Senate on
Monday flagged the constitutional provision that requires the Senate to agree to the revocation
of any international treaty. Duterte contends the Senate failed to publicize its 2011 ratification of
the treaty as required by law, reports the Associated Press.
DECODING
1. What did you feel after reading the news article?
2. Is the move of President Duterte relevant to the country? Why or why not?
3. Share with the class your impressions with the news article presented.
4. As a Filipino citizen, would you support Duterte’s move of withdrawing
Philippines from ICC? Defend your answer.
ADVANCING
Globalization is a rich and a broad concept and may be defined in various perspectives. It
cannot be denied that globalization has made a tremendous impact on the sovereign state.
Fowler and Bunck (1996) emphasized that a sovereign state has a territory, the people, and a
government.
Any state admitted as a member of the United Nations will be upon the decision of the General
Assembly as recommended by the Security Council. The United Nations membership
requirements are (1) the state must be a peace-loving state which accepts the obligations
contained in the present Charter, and (2) in the judgment of the Organization, must be able and
willing to carry out these obligations.
Chapter 2, Article 4 of the United Nations Charter states that only sovereign states can become
members of the United Nations. Although all UN members are fully sovereign states at the
present, the Belarus, India, Philippines, and Ukraine- four of the original members- were not
independent at the time of their admission in the organization.
Even from the seventeenth century, the legal framework of a sovereign state has served as a
definitive ground for political governance and economic system.

Sovereignty has been constitutionally used both on national and international levels. The
intercontinental spread of capital and the formation of global markets have eventually
substituted the fragmented national economies. Sovereign states are experiencing increased
difficulties in supplying regulatory and redistributive public goods and establishing and enforcing
property rights in the face of relatively open trade, rapid information-technology advances, and
considerable financial deregulation. Moreover, both market relations and political discontent
with economic policies have virtually become “borderless.”
The international system has now become less state-centric that makes a way into the political
constitution of domestic policies. Notably, the advancements in technology and its innovations
have increased the speed of the migration and transplantation of legal rules and policies.
The transnational actors, which are non-state, such as the intergovernmental organizations
(IGOs), international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), and transnational corporations
(TNCs) have assumed relevant roles in global governance. They have created transnational law
that runs many dimensions of the political economy that was once governed by the sovereign
states.
Sovereignty is at the heart of both public international law and the legal constitution of the state.
Relevant changes in the international system definitely affect the shape of sovereignty and the
future of the state law.

However today, any sovereign state cannot just neglect issues that are related to the
interests of the humanity, may they be within the borders or outside the borders of the state.
Individuals and groups enjoy greater recognition as subjects of international law, as seen in the
expansion of legal regimes and enforceable mechanisms in the fields of international human
rights law, international refugee law, international criminal law, and the like. Victor Peskin
observes that the United Nations Security Council's ad hoc tribunals for the former Yugoslavia
and Rwanda continued to trump state sovereignty insofar as targeted states and all other UN
members were legally bound to comply. However, the development of international criminal
tribunals suggests a changing balance of tribunal authority and state sovereignty. He criticizes
the next generation of war crimes tribunals as supporting the expansion of the influence of state
judicial actors as well as the strengthening of the doctrine of sovereignty.
The Rome statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) upholds the principle of
complementarities and recognizes that states do not have to collaborate with the court unless
they have ratified the statute. However, this is only part of the picture. The establishment of
special hybrid courts in Cambodia, East Timor, Lebanon, and Sierra Leone means that states no
longer see sovereign state law alone as a sufficient means of punishing serious war crimes. The
decisions of international judges and prosecutors now permeate and shape the domestic
criminal law of these countries. William Burke-White further asserts that the ICC has become
part of a system of multilevel global

governance through its alteration of state preferences and policies and its deterrence of future
crimes through judicial and prosecutorial pronouncements.
International law has evolved into a central framework for the emergent system of global
governance. This system supplies the normative mechanisms for the establishment of IGOs
and the facilitation of the international response to issues as diverse as nuclear proliferation,
climate change, ocean use, and the functioning of the world trade system. Alexandra
Khrebtukova insightfully points out, “[n]ational borders no longer confine the diverse views that
prioritize subjects of international law ... . different perspectives are often less identifiable with
specific states than with discrete branches of the law, each manifesting separate functional
perceptions of what that law should take as its primary focus.
A sovereign state and its laws are changing; they are transforming according to their relevance
to the international system. A state may, in some point in time, opt to comply with the
international and transnational standards. However, the adaptive power of the state law should
not be underestimated.
Generally speaking, the laws that govern the sovereign state are strong and flexible enough to
endure the many challenges along the way. Even with globalization around, the laws are here to
stand firm on the political influence over the lives of sovereign state’s people and the majority of
peoples around the globe.

CREATING
A. BIG GROUP DISCUSSION.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the characteristics of a sovereign state? Can you consider the
Philippines a sovereign state?
2. How does the international law affect the laws of the sovereign state?
3. Explain how the transnational actors influence global governance.
4. Does a sovereign state have to adhere to the international law?
5. Can a sovereign state ignore issues that are outside its boundaries? Why or why
not?
B. SMALL GROUP ACTIVITY. Research on the functions and roles of the United
Nations in relation to global governance. As much as possible, cite concrete
examples in which the UN has performed its functions in a global scale.
UPLOADING
Choose any of the #GlobalIssues below. Express your viewpoints
regarding the topic you have chosen and write a position paper. Make
sure to make a clear thesis statement in your introduction. The body of
the paper must clearly present the background information, the

discussion of the claims and the counterclaims. The conclusion of your paper
must provide suggested solutions or courses of actions to the topic.
#endpoverty, #warondrugs, #stopterrorism, #graftandcorruption,
#violenceagainstwomen, #humantrafficking, #territorialdisputes
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_________________________

_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_________________________

LESSON 6
GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH
CONNECTING
• Define the term, ‘Global South’
• Differentiate the Global South from the third World
• Analyze how a new concept of global relations emerged from the experiences of Latin
American countries CONFIGURING
UN's Human Rights Chief Just
Went There on Myanmar 'Seems
like a textbook example of ethnic
cleansing'
By John Johnson, Newser Staff
Posted Sep 12, 2017 12:10 PM CDT
(NEWSER) - The top human rights

Myanmar’s Rohingya ethnic minority reach for food
official for the UN has dropped a
distributed by volunteers in Bangladesh (AP
Photo/Bernat Armangue, File) damning charge on

Myanmar: "ethnic cleansing." Addressing the agency's Human Rights Council, Zeid Ra'ad Al
Hussein said that Myanmar will not allow investigators to fully assess what's happening to the
Muslim Rohingya community,"but the situation seems like a textbook example of ethnic
cleansing," per France 24. He's referring to the bloody crackdown by government forces against
militants in the western part of the country. The government of Aung San Suu Kyi swears troops
are going after only "terrorist" militants and doing their best to spare civilians, but members of
the ethnic group fleeing the country tell a much different story of scorched villages of mass
killings. As of Tuesday, about 370,000 had crossed the border into Bangladesh.
On Monday, the US joined those criticizing the military operation. "The massive displacement
and victimization of people ... shows that Burmese security forces are not protecting civilians,"
said White House press chief Sarah Huckabee Sanders, per the Washington Times. And on
Tuesday, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited refugees in makeshift camps and
implored Myanmar to allow them to return safely, reports the BBC. "Hundreds of years they are
staying there," she said. "How they can deny that they are not their citizens?" Myanmar,
however, got an important note of support from China, which said it backed the government's
moves toward "stability," per Reuters. Meanwhile, more than 400,000 people have signed a
petition seeking to have Suu Kyi's Nobel Peace Prize withdrawn. (A columnist wrote a prescient
piece back in 2014.)

DECODING
1. Why do you think the UN Human Rights chief considers what happened to
Myanmar an ‘ethnic cleansing’?
2. Why had the members of Rohingya community crossed the borders of
Bangladesh?
3. What is your stand regarding the issue presented in the article?
4. Why do you think China is backing up the Burmese government?
ADVANCING
Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South divide#/media/File:North South divide.s
vg

This map presents the literal division of the world- The Northern and the Southern
Hemispheres. Can you identify the differences between countries in the Global North and
Global South?
Global North Global South
1. Home to all the members of G8 and to 1. Africa, Latin America

four of the five permanent members of
UN Security Council
2. United States, Canada, Western 2. Developing Asia, including
Europe Middle East
3.Developed parts of Asia Australia, and
4. New Zealand
Northern Hemisphere
Rich, Industrialized, Wealthy
Nations Democratic Capitalist Countries
Southern Hemisphere
Developing Nations Non-
Democratic Countries

Concepts of Global Relations
Major Premise
Y The underdevelopment of certain states/peoples and their lack of representations
in global political process is a reality
Prevalent
Y Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power between states Interstate
dimensions
Locating the Global South
By Lisandro Claudio
The Starbucks and the Shanty
Y There are markers of global interconnectedness, even global modernity
Y There are Starbucks branches in Melbourne and Manila, New York and New Delhi
Y All these branches look more or less the same
Y The sameness represents the cultural homogenization that many critics have associated
with globalization

■/ In Manila and New Delhi, there is a good chance that upon leaving the coffee
shop, you will meet a child beggar in tattered clothes or walk a block or two,
with your latte still hot, you will find a shanty town
■/ Spaces of affluence in the developing world may mirror the Global North
■/ Spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries may mirror the poverty of
the Global South
■/ There is something more confronting about poverty in the global south, and the
north/south divide is as visible as the processes of globalization that
engender it
■/ The divide reminds us that globalization creates undersides Major Lenses:
International Relations

Globalism (Steger):
Global economic integration is not only inevitable given the rise of new technologies; it
is, more importantly, a normative international goal.
To not partake to globality is backwards

Civilization Discourse:
Dominant ideology of colonialism and the logic that shaped the birth of international
order
Modernization theory (Rostow):
Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity to produce and
consume material goods
CREATING
A. BIG GROUP DISCUSSION
Guide Questions:
1. Going back to the article in Configuring, would you consider the problem presented a
challenge in the Global South?
2. What is a Global South? Can you name countries that you can consider part of the Global
South?

3. What do you think is the difference between Global South and Third World?
4. Is Lisandro Cladio able to express his views about the Global North and the South
suing the Starbucks and the shanty? Why or why not?
5. Do you think there is a concrete example of the north and south divide in the
Philippines? Name one and explain.
6. Do you think those countries in the Global South can become members of the
Global North? Why do you say so?
B. GROUP REPORTING. Divide the class into groups with at least five (5)
members in each. Ask them to make a 10-minute presentation on the
contemporary foreign and economic policies of their assigned Latin
American countries.
Suggested countries:
Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador, Chile,
Guatemala, Cuba, Haiti, Bolivia, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Paraguay, El
Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Uruguay, etc.

UPLOADING
Write a brief description/explanation in each of the following concepts:
1. Clash of Civilizations (Huntington)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________
2. End of History (Fukuyama)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________
3. The Lexus (Friedman)
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________

LESSON 7
ASIAN REGIONALISM CONNECTING
• Differentiate between regionalization and
globalization
• Discuss the different features of globalization and Asian regionalism using the three views
• Analyze how the different Asian states confront the challenges of regionalization and globalization
CONFIGURING
Trade War Looms as China Hits Back at Trump Tariffs
Beijing targets 3 biggest US imports
By Rob Quinn, Newser Staff

Posted Apr 4, 2018 6:12 AM CDT
Updated Apr 4, 2018 6:44 AM CDT
(NEWSER) - China says it doesn't want a trade war—but it's not going to back down if
President Trump starts one. After the Trump administration recommended new 25% tariffs on
$50 billion in Chinese goods Tuesday. Beijing hit back within hours with

its own proposed tariffs on 106 American products accounting for around $50 billion in trade,
raising fears of an all-out trade war between the world's two biggest economies, the New York
Times reports. The new categories of American goods that would face tariffs under the move
include aircraft, soybeans, and cars, which were last year's three biggest exports from the US to
China, reports the Guardian. Other goods targeted include whisky, tobacco, cotton, wheat, and
corn.
As Asian markets tumbled, a Foreign Ministry spokesman in Beijing slammed Trump's approach
to trade issues. "Those who attempt to make China surrender through pressure or intimidation
have never succeeded before, and will not succeed now," said Geng Shuang. Sources tell the
Wall Street Journal that many of the 106 items on China's list, including sorghum and beef,
were included in an attempt to target states that voted for Trump. But both sides still have a
chance to back down from the brink of trade war. China hasn't said when its tariffs will take
effect, and the US tariffs are not due to take effect until May 11 at the earliest. (China
announced new tariffs on another 128 US products earlier this week.)
DECODING
1. What is the implication of this news to the world market?
2. Why do you think the Trump administration recommended new 25 percent tariffs on
Chinese goods?

3. What is your opinion about China hitting back its proposed tariffs for 106
American products?
4. How does this trade war affect the global economy?
5. Does this war affect the Asian region? Why do you say so?
ADVANCING
Towards Asian Regionalization
The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The region’s economy is already
similar in size to those of Europe and North America, and its influence in the world continues to
increase. In many Asian countries, the cycle of poverty has been broken; in others, this historic
aim is within sight. Asia’s extraordinary success has brought new challenges—while rapid
economic growth remains a priority, citizens demand that it also be sustainable and more
inclusive. AndAsia is now so important to the world economy that it must also play a larger role
in global economic leadership. Regional economic cooperation is essential for addressing these
challenges. Asia’s economic rise is unprecedented. The region is home toover half the world’s
population, produces three tenths of global output (in terms of purchasing power), and
consistently records the world’s highest economic growth rates. The Asian “miracle” (World
Bank 1993) did not end with the 1997/98 financial crisis a decade ago; for some countries, it
marked the beginning of renewed acceleration.

The question is no longer whether Asia will be central to the 21st century economy, but
rather how it will exercise its prominent role and how its dependence on the rest of the world has
decreased.
Regionalism is a relatively new aspect of Asia’s rise.Asia’s economies are increasingly
connected through trade, financial transactions, direct investment, technology, labor and tourist
flows, and other economic relationships.
Asian economies are principally connected through markets— but where markets lead,
governments are following. Asian leaders have committed to work together more closely and have
already taken concrete steps in some areas. The 1997/98 financial crisis, in particular, was an
important catalyst for this new regionalism and gave rise to a range of new initiatives. These have
not sought to replicate the institutions of the European Union (EU), but have rather focused on
finding new and flexible forms of cooperation that reflect the region’s diversity and pragmatism nor
are Asia’s regional initiatives intended to replace global relationships, but rather to complement
them. It is not a matter of pulling up the drawbridge, but of building bridges that connect Asian
economies together as well as to the rest of the world.
The stakes could not be higher. A dynamic and outward-looking Asian regionalism could
bring huge benefits not just to Asia, but to the world. It could help sustain the region’s growth,
underpin its stability, and—with the right policies—reduce inequality. And it could help marshal a
common response to major new challenges that often arise suddenly and unexpectedly.

How can regionalism benefit Asia?
■/ link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order to boost their productivity
and sustain the region’s exceptional growth;
■/ connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial stability, reduce the cost of capital,
and improve opportunities for sharing risks;
■/ cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the
effects of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;
■/ pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more resources available for
investment and development;
■/ exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open global trade and financial
systems that have supported a half century of unparalleled economic development;
■/ build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive development to reduce
inequalities within and across economies and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth
policies; and
■/ create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, safety, and environmental
issues better.
How can Asian regionalism benefit the world?
■/ generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that boost economic growth and
raise incomes across the world;

■/ contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial markets by making Asian
capital markets stronger and safer, and by maximizing the productive use of Asian
savings;
■/ diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the world economy and diminish
the risks posed by global imbalances and downturns in other major economies;
■/ provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and financial systems; and ■/
create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and environmental issues
better, and thus contribute to more effective global solutions of these problems.
While Asian regionalism is primarily motivated by the desire to advance welfare in the
region, it would not do so by detracting from development elsewhere. On the contrary,
Asian regionalism can help to sustain global economic progress at a time when other
major regions are reaching economic maturity.

The economics of Asian regionalism
The economics of regionalism have a complex and troubled history. In the 1930s,
countries created preferential trade blocs in an attempt to shelter their economies from
the Great Depression. Several countries established discriminatory currency blocs
with strict exchange controls against outsiders. Far from helping, these arrangements
led to the collapse of international trade and financial flows, accelerating the
downward spiral of economic activity. This experience was foremost in the mind of
the architects of the post-war global economic system as they adopted the principle of
nondiscrimination as a central pillar of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the
forerunner of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Many economists and policy makers remain
skeptical about regionalism because of its potentially negative impact on the multilateral trade
and financial system.
The case for regionalism therefore has to be carefully formulated. Regionalism must not lead to
protectionist blocs—a “fortress Asia” is no more desirable than a “fortress Europe” or a “fortress
North America” would be. But the open, outward-oriented regionalism that is emerging in Asia
can avoid posing such a threat. Just as the absence of barriers to commerce within national
economies—that is, among the states and provinces of countries such as the People’s Republic
of China (PRC), India, Germany,and the United States (US)—is generally beneficial, so too is
the creation of a market spanning several national economies. Much of the evidence assembled
in this report suggests that Asia has—and will continue to have—a fundamental stake in both
regional and global integration.
Asia comprises several powerful countries and centers of economic activity, with many shared
economic priorities, but also some diverging ones. At times, these differences are amplified by
history and politics. The price of cooperation is the loss of some national sovereignty and the
narrowing of policy options for pursuing purely national objectives.

CREATING
A. ESSAY WRITING:
1. What is the difference between regionalism and globalization? How does the former
affect______________________________________________
the latter?
______________________________________________
______________________________________
2. Do you really think regionalization can benefit Asia and the world? Prove your
answer.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________
3. Does Asia’s economic interdependence do more good or harm? Explain your
answer.
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________

4. What do you think is the challenge of Asian regionalism? Why do you say so?
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________
5. What do you think are the contributions of the Philippines towards the
______________________________________________
regionalization of Asia?
______________________________________________
______________________________________
B. GROUP REPORTING. With the same groupings, students have to prepare a
10-minute presentation on the contemporary foreign and economic policies
of an Asian nation assigned by the teacher.
UPLOADING
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. You need to establish the relationship between regionalization
and globalization of your assigned Asian nation using the three views of existentialist,
generative and alternative.

Globalization Views on Globalization and Asian Regionalism Asian
Regionalism
Existentialist Generative Alternative

LESSON 8
GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
CONNECTING
• Discuss how various media drives affect global
Integration
• Enumerate the advantages of local and global media in creating a global village
• Appreciate the dynamics between local and global cultural production by creating a
slogan or info graphics

CONFIGURING

DECODING
1. What does the info graphics reveal?
2. Do you think the trend can be avoided? Why or why not?
3. What is the implication of the info graphics to the world economy?
4. Would you consider the facts presented in the info graphics related to
globalization?
5. How do the specific brands affect the culture of the people around the
globe? Within their country?
ADVANCING
Globalization and Media
Cultural Imperialism and the Global Media Debate
In international communication theory and research, cultural imperialism theory argued that
audiences across the globe are heavily affected by media messages emanating from the
Western industrialized countries. Although there are minor differences between "media
imperialism" and "cultural imperialism," most of the literature in international communication
treats the former as a category of the latter. Grounded in an understanding of media as cultural
industries, cultural imperialism is firmly rooted in a political-economy perspective on
international communication. As a

school of thought, political economy focuses on material issues such as capital, infrastructure,
and political control as key determinants of international communication processes and effects.
In the early stage of cultural imperialism, researchers focused their efforts mostly on nation-
states as primary actors in international relations. They imputed rich, industrialized, and
Western nation-states with intentions and actions by which they export their cultural products
and impose their sociocultural values on poorer and weaker nations in the developing world.
This argument was supported by a number of studies demonstrating that the flow of news and
entertainment was biased in favor of industrialized countries. This bias was clear both in terms
of quantity, because most media flows were exported by Western countries and imported by
developing nations, and in terms of quality, because developing nations received scant and
prejudicial coverage in Western media.
These concerns led to the rise of the New World Information Order (NWIO) debate, later known
as the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO) debate. Although the debate
at first was concerned with news flows between the north and the south, it soon evolved to
include all international media flows. This was due to the fact that inequality existed in news and
entertainment programs alike, and to the advent of then-new media technologies such as
communication satellites, which made the international media landscape more complex and
therefore widened the scope of the debate about international flows.

The global media debate was launched during the 1973 General Conference of the
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya.
As a specialized agency of the United Nations, the mission of UNESCO includes issues of
communication and culture. During the conference, strong differences arose between Western
industrialized nations and developing countries. Led by the United States, the first group
insisted on the "free flow of information" doctrine, advocating "free trade" in information and
media programs without any restrictions. The second group, concerned by the lack of balance
in international media flows, accused Western countries of invoking the free flow of information
ideology to justify their economic and cultural domination. They argued instead for a "free and
balanced flow" of information. The chasm between the two groups was too wide to be
reconciled. This eventually was one of the major reasons given for withdrawal from UNESCO by
the United States and the United Kingdom-which resulted in the de facto fall of the global media
debate.
A second stage of research identified with cultural imperialism has been associated
with calls to revive the New World Information and Communication Order debate. What
differentiates this line of research from earlier cultural imperialism formulations is its emphasis
on the commercialization of the sphere of culture. Research into this area had been a hallmark
of cultural imperialism research, but now there is a deliberate focus on transnational
corporations as actors, as opposed to nation-states, and on transnational capital flows, as
opposed to image flows. Obviously, it is hard to

separate the power of transnational corporations from that of nation-states, and it is difficult to
distinguish clearly between capital flows and media flows. Therefore, the evolution of the debate
is mainly a redirection of emphasis rather than a paradigm shift.
It has become fashionable in some international communication circles to dismiss cultural
imperialism as a monolithic theory that is lacking subtlety and increasingly questioned by
empirical research. Cultural imperialism does have some weaknesses, but it also continues to
be useful. Perhaps the most important contribution of cultural imperialism is the argument that
international communication flows, processes, and effects are permeated by power.
Nevertheless, it seems that the concept of globalization has in some ways replaced cultural
imperialism as the main conceptual umbrella under which much research and theorizing in
international communication have been conducted.

Media, Globalization, and Hybridization
Several reasons explain the analytical shift from cultural imperialism to globalization. First, the
end of the Cold War as a global framework for ideological, geopolitical, and economic
competition calls for a rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. By
giving rise to the United States as sole superpower and at the same time making the world
more fragmented, the end of the Cold War ushered in an era of complexity between global
forces of cohesion and local reactions of dispersal. In this complex era, the nation-state is no
longer the sale or dominant player, since transnational transactions occur on sub national,
national, and supranational

levels. Conceptually, globalization appears to capture this complexity better than cultural
imperialism. Second, according to John Tomlinson (1991), globalization replaced cultural
imperialism because it conveys a process with less coherence and direction, which will weaken
the cultural unity of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. Finally,
globalization has emerged as a key perspective across the humanities and social sciences, a
current undoubtedly affecting the discipline of communication.
In fact, the globalization of culture has become a conceptual magnet attracting research and
theorizing efforts from a variety of disciplines and interdisciplinary formations such as
anthropology, comparative literature, cultural studies, communication and media studies,
geography, and sociology. International communication has been an active interlocutor in this
debate because media and information technologies play an important role in the process of
globalization. Although the media are undeniably one of the engines of cultural globalization, the
size and intensity of the effect of the media on the globalization of culture is a contested issue
revolving around the following question: Did the mass media trigger and create the globalization
of culture? Or is the globalization of culture an old phenomenon that has only been intensified
and made more obvious with the advent of transnational media technologies? Like the age-old
question about whether the egg came before the chicken or vice versa, the question about the
relationship between media and the globalization of culture is difficult to answer.

One perspective on the globalization of culture, somewhat reminiscent of cultural
imperialism in terms of the nature of the effect of media on culture, but somewhat different in its
conceptualization of the issue, is the view that the media contribute to the homogenization of
cultural differences across the planet. This view dominates conventional wisdom perspectives
on cultural globalization conjuring up images of Planet Hollywood and the MTV generation. One
of the most visible proponents of this perspective is political scientist Benjamin Barber, who
formulated his theory about the globalization of culture in the book Jihad vs. McWorld (1996).
The subtitle, "How Globalism and Tribalism Are Reshaping the World," betrays Barber's reliance
on a binary opposition between the forces of modernity and liberal democracy with tradition and
autocracy.
Although Barber rightly points to transnational capitalism as the driving engine that
brings Jihad and McWorld in contact and motivates their action, his model has two limitations.
First, it is based on a binary opposition between Jihad, what he refers to as ethnic and religious
tribalism, and McWorld, the capital-driven West. Barber (1996, p. 157) seemingly attempts to go
beyond this binary opposition in a chapter titled “Jihad Via McWorld," in which he argues that
Jihad stands in "less of a stark opposition than a subtle counterpoint." However, the evidence
offered in most of the book supports an oppositional rather than a contrapuntal perspective on
the globalization of culture. The second limitation of Barber's book is that he privileges the
global over the local, because, according to him, globalization rules via transnational capitalism.
"[T]o think
that globalization and indigenization are entirely coequal forces that put Jihad and McWorld on
an equal footing is to vastly underestimate the force of the new planetary markets .... It's no
contest" (p. 12). Although it would be naive to argue that the local defeats the global, Barber's
argument does not take into account the dynamic and resilient nature of cultures and their
ability to negotiate foreign imports.
Another perspective on globalization is cultural hybridity or hybridization. This view privileges an
understanding of the interface of globalization and localization as a dynamic process and hybrid
product of mixed traditions and cultural forms. As such, this perspective does not give
prominence to globalization as a homogenizing force, nor does it believe in localization as a
resistive process opposed to globalization. Rather, hybridization advocates an emphasis on
processes of mediation that it views as central to cultural globalization. The concept of
hybridization is the product of interdisciplinary work mostly based in intellectual projects such as
post colonialism, cultural studies, and performance studies. Hybridization has been used in
communication and media studies and appears to be a productive theoretical orientation as
researchers in international media studies attempt to grasp the complex subtleties of the
globalization of culture.
One of the most influential voices in the debate about cultural hybridity is Argentinean Mexican
cultural critic Nestor Garcia-Candini. In his book Hybrid Cultures (1995), Garcia-Candini
advocates a theoretical understanding of Latin American nations as hybrid cultures. His analysis
is both broad and incisive, covering a variety of

cultural processes and institutions such as museums, television, film, universities, political
cartoons, graffiti, and visual arts. According to Garcia-Candini, there are three main features of
cultural hybridity. The first feature consists of mixing previously separate cultural systems, such
as mixing the elite art of opera with popular music. The second feature of hybridity is the
deterritorialization of cultural processes from their original physical environment to new and
foreign contexts. Third, cultural hybridity entails impure cultural genres that are formed out of
the mixture of several cultural domains. An example of these impure genres is when artisans in
rural Mexico weave tapestries of masterpieces of European painters such as Joan Mira and
Henri Matisse, mixing high art and folk artisanship into an impure genre.
In media and communication research, the main question is "Have transnational media made
cultures across the globe hybrid by bringing into their midst foreign cultural elements, or have
cultures always been to some extent hybrid, meaning that transnational mass media only
strengthened an already-existing condition?" There is no obvious or final answer to that
question, because there is not enough empirical research about media and hybridity and
because of the theoretical complexity of the issue. What does exist in terms of theoretical
understanding and research results points to a middle ground? This position acknowledges that
cultures have been in contact for a long time through warfare, trade, migration, and slavery.
Therefore, a degree of hybridization in all cultures can be assumed. At the same time, this
middle ground also recognizes that global media and information technologies have
substantially increased
contacts between cultures, both in terms of intensity and of the speed with which these contacts
occur.
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that transnational mass media intensify the hybridity that
is already in existence in cultures across the globe. Consequently, the globalization of culture
through the media is not a process of complete homogenization, but rather one where cohesion
and fragmentation coexist.
Source: Kraidy, M. (2002). Globalization of culture through the media. In J. R. Schement
(Ed.),Encyclopedia of communication and information (Vol. 2, pp. 359-363).
New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from
http://repository.upenn.edu/asc papers/325.

CREATING
A. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. From the journal article above, you need to construct a
slogan, poster, or info graphics highlighting your valueladen reflection from the
discussion.

B. DYADIC ACTIVITY. Identify and enumerate the advantages of local and global media
in the creation of a global village using the matrix below.

Local and Global Media Advantages
UPLOADING
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. Research one Asian act that became internationally famous. Answer
the following questions in a short bond paper. Each question is given ten (10) points. Below is
the rubric for rating your essay.

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Where did the musical act/artist originate?
2. In which countries did the act/artist become famous?
3. How did the act become famous?
4. Why do you think the act/artist became famous?

LESSON 9
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
CONNECTING
• Discuss the significance of religion in one’s life
• Explain how globalization affects religious
practices and beliefs
• Analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict, and conversely, global peace
CONFIGURING
Timeline: the Rise, Spread and Fall of the Islamic State

By Cameron Glenn Jul 5, 2016
Retrieved:
https://www.wilsoncenter.ora/article/timeline-the-rise-spread-and-fall-the-islamic-state.
The Islamic State - also known as ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh - emerged from the remnants of
al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), a local offshoot of al Qaeda founded by Abu Musab al Zarqawi in
2004. It faded into obscurity for several years after the surge of U.S. troops to Iraq in
2007. But it began to reemerge in 2011. Over the next few years, it took advantage of
growing instability in Iraq and Syria to carry out attacks and bolster its ranks.

The group changed its name to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in 2013. ISIS
launched an offensive on Mosul and Tikrit in June 2014. On June 29, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al
Baghdadi announced the formation of a caliphate stretching from Aleppo in Syria to Diyala in
Iraq, and renamed the group the Islamic State.
A U.S.-led coalition began airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq on August 7, 2014, and
expanded the campaign to Syria the following month. On October 15, the United States named
the campaign “Operation Inherent Resolve.” Over the next year, the United States conducted
more than 8,000 airstrikes in Iraq and Syria. ISIS suffered key losses along Syria’s border with
Turkey, and by the end of 2015, Iraqi forces had made progress in recapturing Ramadi. But in
Syria, ISIS made gains near Aleppo, and still firmly held Raqqa and other strongholds.
In 2015, ISIS expanded into a network of affiliates in at least eight other countries. Its
branches, supporters, and affiliates increasingly carried out attacks beyond the borders of its
so-called caliphate. In October, ISIS’s Egypt affiliate bombed a Russian airplane, killing 224
people. On November 13, 130 people were killed and more than 300 injured in a series of
coordinated attacks in Paris. And in June 2016, a gunman who pledged support to ISIS killed at
least four dozen people at a nightclub in Orlando, Florida.
By December 2017, the ISIS caliphate had lost 95 percent of its territory, including its
two biggest properties, Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city, and the northern Syrian city of Raqqa,
its nominal capital. The Iraqi Prime Minister Haider al Abadi

declared victory over the Islamic State in Iraq on December 9, 2017. But ISIS was still inspiring
and carrying out attacks all over the world, including New York City.
DECODING
1. Why do you think The Islamic State exists?
2. What is your idea about the ISIS’s formation of caliphate?
3. Do you think the US campaign, “Operation Inherent Resolve”, became successful? Why or
why not?
4. What is your view regarding the information presented in paragraph 4?
5. Do you think the fall of ISIS will do something good around the globe?
6. Would you consider the rise of ISIS a threat to global peace?
ADVANCING
Religion in the New Global War
Mark Juergensmeyer
When Mohammed Atta boarded the airline on September 11,2001 that soon thereafter slammed
into the World Trade Center towers, he left behind a manual of instruction. Apparently prepared by
his colleagues in the al Qaeda network, it instructed him and his fellow activists how to behave
and what to do in preparation for their fateful act. What is interesting about this document is not
only the text, but the subtext. Lying

beneath the pious rhetoric of the manual and its eerie ties to the World Trade Center tragedy
are hints about the perplexing issue of the role of religion in the contemporary world, and
answers to the persistent question, how could religion be related to such vicious acts of political
violence? The common sense way of putting this question about the September 11 attack and
all of the other recent acts of religious terrorism is “what’s religion got to do with it?”
The common sense answers to this question are varied, and they are contradictory. On the one
hand some political leaders—along with many scholars of comparative religion—have assured
us that religion has had nothing to do with these vicious acts, and that religion’s innocent
images have been used in perverse ways by evil and essentially irreligious political actors. On
the other hand, there are the radio talk show hosts and even a few social scientists who affirm
that religion, especially Islam, has had everything to do with it—and not just ordinary religion,
but a perverse strain of fundamentalism that has infected normal religion and caused it to go
bad.
The Role of Religion
What is odd about this new global war is not only the difficulty in defining it and the non-state,
transnational character of the opposition, but also the opponents' ascription to ideologies based
on religion. The tradition of secular politics from the time of the Enlightenment has comfortably
ignored religion, marginalized its role in public life, and frequently co-opted it for its own civil
religion of public religiosity. No one in the

secular world could have predicted that the first confrontations of the 21st century would involve, of
all things, religion-secularism's old, long banished foe.
Religious activists are puzzling anomalies in the secular world. Most religious people and their
organizations are either firmly supportive of the secular state or quiescently uninterested in it.
Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda network, like most of the new religious activists, comprise a small
group at the extreme end of a hostile subculture that itself is a small minority within the larger world
of their religious cultures. Osama bin Laden is no more representative of Islam than Timothy
McVeigh is of Christianity, or Japan's Shoko Asahara is of Buddhism.
Still one cannot deny that the ideals and ideas of activists like bin Laden are authentically and
thoroughly religious and could conceivably become popular among their religious compatriots. The
authority of religion has given bin Laden's cadres the moral legitimacy of employing violence in
their assault on the very symbol of global economic power. It has also provided the metaphor of
cosmic war, an image of spiritual struggle that every religion has within its repository of symbols--
the fight between good and bad, truth and evil. In this sense, then, the attack on the World Trade
Center was very religious. It was meant to be catastrophic, an act of biblical proportions.
Though the World T rade Center assault and many other recent acts of religious terrorism have no
obvious military goal, they are meant to make a powerful impact on the public consciousness.
These are acts meant for television. They are a kind of perverse performance of power meant to
ennoble the perpetrators' views of the world

and to draw us into their notions of cosmic war. In my comparative study of cases of religious
terrorism around the world I have found a strikingly familiar pattern. In all of these cases,
concepts of cosmic war are accompanied by strong claims of moral justification and an enduring
absolutism that transforms worldly struggles into sacred battles. It is not so much that religion
has become politicized, but that politics have become religionized. Worldly struggles have been
lifted into the high proscenium of sacred battle.

Global War
The September 11 attack and many other recent acts of religious terrorism are skirmishes in
what their perpetrators conceive to be a global war. This battle is global in three senses. The
choices of targets have often been transnational. The World Trade Center employees killed in
the September 11 assault were citizens of 86 nations. The network of perpetrators was also
transnational: the al Qaeda network that was implicated in the attack--though consisting mostly
of Saudis--is also actively supported by Pakistanis, Egyptians, Palestinians, Sudanese,
Algerians, Indonesians, Malaysians, Filipinos, and a smattering of British, French, Germans,
Spanish and Americans. The incident was global in its impact, in large part because of the
worldwide and instantaneous coverage of transnational news media. This has been terrorism
meant not only for television but for global news networks such as CNN--and especially for al
Jazeera, the Qatar based news channel that beams its talk-show format throughout the Middle
East. Increasingly terrorism has been performed for a televised audience

around the world. In that sense it has been as real a global event as the transnational activities
of the global economy and as vivid as the globalized forms of entertainment and information
that crowd satellite television channels and the internet. Ironically, terrorism has become a more
efficient global force than the organized political efforts to control and contain it. No single entity,
including the United Nations, possesses the military capability and intelligence-gathering
capacities to deal with worldwide terrorism. Instead, consortia of nations have been formed to
handle the information-sharing and joint operations required to deal with forces of violence on
an international scale.
This global dimension of terrorism's organization and audience, and the transnational
responses to it, gives special significance to the understanding of terrorism as a public
performance of violence--as a social event that has both real and symbolic aspects. As the late
French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has observed, our public life is shaped by symbols as much
as by institutions. For this reason, symbolic acts--the "rites of institution"--help to demarcate
public space and indicate what is meaningful in the social world. In a striking imitation of such
rites, terrorism has provided its own dramatic events. These rites of violence have signaled
alternative views of public reality: not just a single society in transition, but a world challenged
by strident religious visions of transforming change.

Empowering Religion
Such religious warfare not only gives individuals who have engaged in it the illusion of
empowerment, it also gives religious organizations and ideas a public

attention and importance that they have not enjoyed for many years. In modern America and
Europe, the warfare has given religion a prominence in public life that it has not held since
before the Enlightenment, more than two centuries ago.
Although each of the violent religious movements around the world has its own distinctive
culture and history, I have found that they have three things in common regarding their attitudes
towards religion in society. First, they reject the compromises with liberal values and secular
institutions that most mainstream religion has made, be it Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Sikh
or Buddhist. Second, radical religious movements refuse to observe the boundaries that secular
society has set around religion-keeping it private rather than allowing it to intrude into public
spaces. And third, these movements try to create a new form of religiosity that rejects what they
regard as weak modern substitutes for the more vibrant and demanding forms of religion that
they imagine to be essential to their religion's origins.
(Retrieved from: http://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/614 juergensmeyer.pdf.)
Beyond the Secularization Debate
■/ There is a discontinuity between research agenda that focus on secularization and
globalization.
■/ Social Scientists have debated the scope, nature, extent and parameters of secularization in
an effort to unveil the overall patterns and/or trajectories of the modern world.

■/ Initially, secularization had a strong following but eventually it was superseded by re-
evaluation.
■/ Various debates lead to re-appraisal.
■/ Secularization debates have been reframed.
■/ Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks of human condition; it
makes it possible for people to have a choice between belief and non-belief in a
manner hitherto unknown.

Transnational Religion and Multiple Glocalizations
■/ Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of the world throughout
the 20th century.
■/ Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II.
■/ Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local particularism.
■/ It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, whereby religion
becomes the central reference for immigrants. Religion transnationalism-“religion
going global”.
■/ It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or maintain the most
important place for local immigrant communities.
Religion in Global Conflict

■/ Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of existence; it should not
be surprising when religion enters the picture in times of crisis.
■/ The ere of globalization brought with it three (3) enormous problems, namely:
• Identity
• Accountability
• Security
Religion provides answer to these concerns:
■/ It provides a sense of identity
■/ Traditional religious leadership provides a sense of accountability ■/ Religion offers a
sense of security
CREATING
SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION. Discuss the content of the journal, “Religion in the New
Global War.” You may use the guide questions below.
1. Is your religion significant to your life? Why or why not?
2. What is the role of religion in solving global conflict?
3. Does religion play significantly in attaining global peace?
4. Do you think globalization affects religious practices? Cite concrete examples to show
that religious beliefs are influenced by globalization.

5. What can you do to stop global terrorism?
6. Explain the three things common regarding attitude towards religion in the society.
7. Do our religious beliefs create division and country in the country and the globe at
large?
C. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. Express your understanding about this phrase in an
illustration, “UNITY in DIVERSITY” showing the interconnectedness of globalization
and religion.

UPLOADING
Watch the film, “The Rise of ISIS” (http://www.pbs.orq/wqbh/frontline/film/riseof-isis/). Write a film
review or reaction paper with the aid of the guide questions. Properly cite references when you
use facts and opinions that support your claims.
1. What is your general impression of the film?
2. What is the general storyline of the movie?
3. Who are the actors who play major characters?
4. What are the strengths of the film? What about the weaknesses? What evidences prove
these in relation to your opening paragraph.
5. What is your final message to the audience in relation to your introduction?

LESSON 10
THE GLOBAL CITY CONNECTING

• Identify the attributes of a global city
• Analyze how cities serve as engines of globalization
CONFIGURING
Given the global competition between cities, the Global Power City Index (GPCI) evaluates and
ranks the major cities of the world according to their “magnetism,” or their comprehensive power
to attract creative people and business enterprises from around the world.
Considering that the comprehensive power sought by each city fluctuates in accordance with
economic and social changes, the GPCI has continually strived to improve its findings by
revising its indicators and methods of data collection. The GPCI-2017 has endeavored to obtain
more reliable and highly objective data for a number of indicators, while adding new data that
suitably reflect current conditions, such as the advancement of women in society, ICT
infrastructure, and risks to mental health. The breadth of the GPCI has also been expanded this
year to encompass 44 cities - the

new cities being Dubai, the center of trade and commerce in the Middle East, and Buenos
Aires, one of the major cities in South America.
The GPCI is now in its tenth year of publication following its initial release in 2008. During this
decade long period, the world has seen financial crises, large scale natural disasters, a
growing population that now exceeds seven billion, and technological advancements that
have brought us the smart phone and other devices. The urban environments that envelop
cities have also changed dramatically, and as if responding to such changes, cities around
the world have seen their urban power affected relative to the global context. The Mori
Memorial Foundation’s Institute for Urban Strategies has continued to follow this evolution of
urban power over the past decade.
The research results of the past 10 years should serve as valuable data to help us
understand the challenges faced by cities around the world, as well as what makes them
appealing. We hope that the GPCI can assist many people in the formulation of urban policies
and corporate strategies.

Retrieved from: http://mori-m-foundation.or.ip/pdf/GPCI2017 en.pdf.

DECODING
1. Why do you think the cities around the world have to be ranked?
2. Do you think cities around the world affect the global trends such as the value of
ideas and collaboration, connectivity, entrepreneurial spirit, and economic
competitiveness?
3. What do you think are the challenges faced by the cities around the globe?
4. Name a city in the country and say something about its development ad
contribution to nation-building.
ADVANCING
What is a Global City?
Global City
S The idea emerged in the social science literature in the 1980’s, shortly after the concept of
globalization.
S It has a central place in understanding contemporary spatial patterns of globalization
S It is the main physical and geographic playground of the globalizing forces
S The global flows of people, capital and ideas are woven into the daily lived experiences of its
residents

■/ It means power, sophistication, wealth, and influence.
■/ The ideas and values of the metropolis shape the world.
■/ Embodies both the good and the bad effects of globalization.
■/ The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states
■/ According to Sassen (1991), global cities are characterized by occupational and income
polarization, with the highly paid professional class on the one end and providers of
low-paid services on the other.
■/ The lifestyle and needs of the well-off professional classes bring into the global city an
army of low-paid workers who deliver personal and labor-intensive services like
cleaning, child-care, delivery, restaurants and eateries, catering, maintenance,
transport, hotels, domestic help and retail.
■/ Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global command centers of the world
economy.
Cosmopolitanism
■/ It is the phenomenon most readily associated with the global city.
Large, diverse cities attract people, material and cultural products from all over the world.
■/ The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes pleasant images of travel, exploration, and
‘worldly’ pursuits enjoyed by those who have benefited from globalization

S Everyday life is significantly shaped by commercial culture, retail and shopping as well
as cross cultural variety of food, fashion, entertainment and various other
consumables and artifacts.
S Consumption is costly in resources S Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity

Global Cities are livable cities because:
• They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage
• They provide basic services, including safe water and adequate sanitation
• They are void of discriminatory practices
• People have access to educational opportunities and health care
• People are not at risk of forced eviction
• People enjoy security of tenure in affordable housing
• People live in communities that are safe and environment that are clean
• The cities are governed through inclusive local democratic processes

Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City Index
It measures the global power of cities using the combination of six (6) criteria: S Economy
S Research and Development

Cultural Interaction
Livability
Environment
Accessibility
Features of The Global Power City Index (GPCI)
1. As opposed to limiting the ranking to particular areas of research such as “Finance” and
“Livability,” the GPCI focuses on a wide variety of functions in order to assess and rank the
global potential and comprehensive power of a city.
2. 44 of the world’s leading cities were selected and their global comprehensive power
evaluated based on the following viewpoints: six main functions representing city strength
(Economy, Research and Development, Cultural Interaction, Livability, Environment, and
Accessibility), and five global actors who lead the urban activities in their cities (Manager,
Researcher, Artist, Visitor, and Resident), thus providing an all-encompassing view of the cities.
3. The GPCI reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each city and at the same time
uncovers problems that need to be overcome.
4. This ranking has been produced with the involvement of the late Sir Peter Hall, a global
authority in urban studies, as well as other academics in this field. It has been peer reviewed
by third parties, all international experts from both the public and private sectors.

Key Findings of the GPCI-2017
GPCI-2017 Characteristics
■/ In the GPCI-2017 comprehensive ranking, the top five cities of London (No. 1), New York
(No. 2), Tokyo (No. 3), Paris (No. 4), and Singapore (No. 5) all maintain their respective
positions from last year. These cities have remained in the top 5 for nine consecutive years.
■/ Sydney (No. 10) climbs four spots this year to edge its way into the top 10 for the first time in
seven years. Cities such as Los Angeles (No. 11), Beijing (No. 13), and San Francisco (No. 17)
also largely improve their rankings from last year.
■/ By region, the European cities on the whole score highly in Livability and Environment. The
cities of Asia, which rank highly overall, earn strong scores in Economy.
Trends for the Top 3 Cities
■/ London, the No. 1 city in the comprehensive ranking for the sixth year in a row, further
extends its lead over the competition by improving its scores for such indicators as GDP Growth
Rate and Level of Political, Economic and Business Risk in Economy, and for Attractiveness of
Dining Options and Number of Visitors from Abroad in Cultural Interaction.
■/ New York (No. 2) increases its scores for the Economy indicators of Nominal GDP and GDP
Growth Rate, but fails to make any significant headway in

comprehensive score, having returned weaker scores this year in Cultural Interaction
indicators such as Number of World-Class Cultural Events Held and Livability
indicators like Variety of Retail Shops .
■/ Tokyo claimed the No. 3 ranking for the first time last year and closes the gap on
New York (No. 2) this year. This is a result of the American city’s score stalling while
Tokyo continues to improve every year in the Cultural Interaction indicator of Number
of Visitors from Abroad . However, Japan’s capital city slips from No. 1 to No. 4 in
Economy due to weaker scores in “Market Size” and “Market Attractiveness.”

Results for New Cities in GPCI-2017
■/ Dubai and Buenos Aires make their first-ever appearances in the GPCI in 2017 with
respective comprehensive rankings of No. 23 and No. 40.
■/ Dubai boasts strengths in Cultural Interaction (No. 9) and Economy (No. 11) mainly
thanks to strong evaluations for Corporate Tax Rate in Economy, and Number of
Luxury Hotel Guest Rooms in Cultural Interaction.
(Source: Global Power City Index 2017. Retrieved from: Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..)

Downsides of the Global City
• High costs
• Alienation
• Impersonality
• Social isolation
• Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds Key
Issues
• Diversity and community
• Mobility and community
CREATING
A. ESSAY WRITING. Answer the following questions intelligently.
1. Why do you think global cities are considered ‘global’?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________

2. Enumerate and explain the various attributes of a global city.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________
3. In what manner/ways do global cities manifest global processes?
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________
4. Would you consider global cities as engines of globalization? Support your answer
_______________________________________________
with some contemporary examples.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________
5. Does the Philippines have a global city? Name the city and explain why.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________

B. GROUP REPORTING. With the same groupings, you have to prepare a 10-minute
presentation on an assigned global city to discuss and research on. Your reports
should answer the following questions:
1. How would you describe your city?
2. What is your city known for?
3. What makes your city a global city?
4. What is its ranking in the Mori’s GPCI 2017?
Suggested Cities:
Jakarta, Bangkok, Taipei, Beijing Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Chicago,
Boston Copenhagen, Brussels, Madrid, Milan, Barcelona Istanbul, Geneva, Kuala
UPLOADING Lumpur, Mumbai, Mexico City
Journal Writing: Write a short reflection about the topic discussed.
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
___________________

LESSON 11
THE GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
CONNECTING
Explain the theory of demographic transition as
it affects population
CONFIGURING
Shanghai Will Allow Only 800K More to Live There Chinese city will cap its
permanent population at 25M
By John Johnson, Newser Staff Posted Dec 26, 2017 8:03 AM CST
(Newser) - Anyone interested in moving to Shanghai better not dawdle. The Chinese economic
hub currently has a population of 24.2 million, and authorities just put a plan in place to cap the
permanent population at 25 million, reports Reuters. The idea behind the newly adopted master
plan through 2035 is to curb the maladies common to major cities such as environmental
pollution, gridlock traffic, and a decline

in the quality of public services such as medical care and education. The State Council, which
refers to all of the above as "big city disease," also will limit the amount of land made available
for development in the coming years.
A research fellow at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences predicts that the poor will bear
the brunt of the new population limit the most because the government will begin tearing down
cheap housing now in existence, per the Global Times. Imposing such a limit, he warns, is
"unpractical and against the social development trend." China similarly hopes to cap the
population of Beijing at 23 million by 2020, notes the Guardian. Already, plans were in the works
to move government offices out of Beijing to a new city being built about 50 miles to the south.
DECODING
1. What is the news article all about?
2. Why do you think Shanghai city is limiting its population to 25M only?
3. Is China’s way of limiting the people in the city and the land made available for
development reasonable? Why or why not?
4. What is the implication of this news to the global population?
5. Can we also do the same thing here in the Philippines? Explain your answer.

ADVANCING
The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change
By Ronald Lee
(Retrieved from: http://www.economie.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/lee 2003.pdf.)
Before the start of the demographic transition, life was short, births were many, growth
was slow and the population was young. During the transition, Z mortality and then
fertility declined, causing population growth rates first to accelerate and then to slow
again, moving toward low fertility, long life and an old population. The transition began
around 1800 with declining mortality in Europe. It has now spread to all parts of the world
and is projected to be completed by 2100. This global demographic transition has brought
momentous changes, reshaping the economic and demographic life cycles of individuals
and restructuring populations. Since 1800, global population size has already increased
by a factor of six and by 2100 will have risen by a factor of ten. There will then be 50
times as many elderly, but only five times as many children; thus, the ratio of elders to
children will have risen by a factor of ten. The length of life, which has already more than
doubled, will have tripled, while births per woman will have dropped from six to two. In
1800, women spent about 70 percent of their adult years bearing and rearing young
children, but that fraction has decreased in many parts of the world to only about 14
percent, due to lower fertility and longer life.

Mortality Declines
■/ The world’s demographic transition started in northwest Europe, where mortality began
a secular decline around 1800.
■/ The first stage of mortality decline is due to reductions in contagious and infectious
diseases by air or water.
■/ Preventive medicine, small pox vaccine, played significantly in the mortality decline in
the eighteenth century.
■/ Improved personal hygiene also helped as income rose.
■/ The gem theory of diseases became more widely known and accepted.
■/ Another major factor in the early phases of growing life expectancy is improvement in
nutrition.
■/ Famine mortality was reduced by improvements in storage and transportation Secular
increases in incomes led to improved nutrition in childhood and throughout life
■/ Life expectancy is positively associated with height in the industrial country populations
(Fogel, 1994; Barker, 1992.)
■/ In recent decades, the continuing reduction in mortality is due to reductions in chronic
and degenerative diseases, notably heart disease and cancer (Riley, 2001).

■/ In the later part of the century, publicly organized and funded biomedical research has
played an increasingly important part, and the human genome project and stem cell
research promise future gains.
■/ In India, life expectancy rose from around 24 years in 1920 to 62 years today, a gain of .
48 years per calendar year over 80 years. In China, life expectancy rose from 41 in
1950-1955 to 70 in 1995-1999, a gain of .65 years per year over 45 years.
■/ On the optimistic side, Oeppen and Vaupel (2002) offer a remarkable graph that plots
the highest national female life expectancy attained for each calendar year from 1840
to 2000.
■/ The points fall close to a straight line, starting at 45 years in Sweden and ending at 85
years in Japan, with a slope of 2.4 years per decade. If we boldly extend the line
forward in time, it reaches 97.5 years by mid-century and 109 years by 2100.
■/ Less optimistic projections are based on extrapolation of trends in age-specific death
rates over the past 50 or 100 years. This approach implies more modest gains for the
high-income nations of the world, with average life expectancy approaching 90 years
by the end of the twenty- first century (Lee and Carter, 1992; Tuljapurkar, Li and Boe,
2000).

Fertility Transition
■/ Between 1890 and 1920, marital fertility began to decline in most European provinces,
with a median decline of about 40 percent from 1870 to 1930 (Coale and Treadway,
1986, p. 44).
■/ Most economic theories of fertility start with the idea that couples wish to have a certain
number of surviving children, rather than births per se.
■/ Some of the improvement in child survival is itself a response to parental decisions to
invest more in the health and welfare of a smaller number of children (Nerlove, 1974).
■/ These issues of parental investment in children suggest that fertility will also be in*
influenced by how economic change influences the costs and benefitsZ of
childbearing.
■/ Bearing and rearing children is time intensive.
■/ Technological progress and increasing physical and human capital make labor more
productive, raising the value of time in all activities, which makes children increasingly
costly relative to consumption goods.
■/ Since women have had primary responsibility for childbearing and rearing, variations in
the productivity of women have been particularly important.
■/ Rising incomes have shifted consumption demand toward nonagricultural goods and
services, for which educated labor is a more important input.

■/ Overall, these patterns have several effects: children become more expensive, their
economic contributions are diminished by school time and educated parents have
higher value of time, which raises the opportunity costs of childrearing.
■/ Furthermore, parents with higher incomes choose to devote more resources to each
child, and since this raises the cost of each child, it also leads to fewer children
(Becker, 1981; Willis, 1974, 1994).

Population Growth
■/ The combination of fertility and mortality determines population growth.
■/ Between 1950 and 2050, the actual and projected trajectories for the More, Less and
Least Developed Countries are plotted.
■/ One is a trajectory for Europe from 1800 to 1950. The end point of this trajectory in 1950
is quite close to the start point for the more developed countries.
■/ The starting points of these demographic paths differ somewhat.
■/ India had higher initial fertility and mortality than Europe, as did the Least Developed
Countries relative to the Less Developed Countries in 1950, which in turn had far
higher mortality and fertility than the More Developed Countries in that year.
■/ Except for India, the starting points all indicate moderate (for Europe) to rapid (for Least
and Less Developed Countries) population growth.

■/ There has been rapid global convergence in fertility and mortality among nations over
the past 50 years, although important differences remain.
■/ This convergence of fertility and mortality is in marked contrast to per capita GDP, which
has tended to diverge between high-income and low-income countries during this
time.
■/ Today, the median individual lives in a country with a total fertility rate of 2.3— barely
above the 2.1 fertility rate of the United States—and a median life expectancy at birth
of 68 years compared to 77 years for the United States (Wilson, 2001).

Some Consequences of the Demographic Transition
The three centuries of demographic transition from 1800 to 2100 will reshape the world’s
population in a number of ways. The obvious changes are the rise in total population
from 1 billion in 1800 to perhaps 9.5 billion in 2100—although this long-term estimate
is highly uncertain due largely to uncertainty about future fertility. The average length
of life increases by a factor of two or three, and the median age of the population
doubled from the low 20s to the low 40s. Many More Developed Countries already
have negative population growth rates, and the United Nations projects that the
population of Europe will decline by 13 percent between now and 2050. But many
other changes will also be set in motion in family structure, health, institutions for
saving and supporting retirement and even in international • flows of people and

capital.
At the level of families, the number of children born declines sharply and childbearing
becomes concentrated into a few years of a woman’s life. When this change is combined with
greater longevity, many more adult years become available for other activities. The joint
survivorship of couples is greatly increased, and kin networks become more intergenerationally
dense, while horizontally sparser. These changes appear to be quite universal so far. However,
whether childbearing is concentrated at younger ages or at older ages and whether age at
marriage rises or falls seems to vary from setting to setting, and patterns are still changing even
in the populations farthest along in the transition. Parents with fewer children are able to invest
more in each child, reflecting the quality-quantity tradeoff, which may also be one of the
reasons parents reduced their fertility (Becker, 1981; Willis, 1974).
CREATING
A. SMALL GROUP DISCUSSION. In your group, discuss the content of the journal written by
Ronald Lee in Advancing. You may use the questions below.
1. Why did population grow so slowly in the 1800’s?
2. Why did mortality begin to decline?
3. Had the medical progress and the rising per capita income affected the mortality rate?

4. Has the contraceptive technology influenced the fall of fertility rate? Cite
examples.
5. Does the world approach to a biological limit of life expectancy? Why or why not?
6. How does demographic transition affect global population?
B. DYADIC ACTIVITY. Write a research paper and discuss answers to this question,
Has the Philippines undergone demographic transition? Why do you say so?
UPLOADING
Read the journal titled, A Concise History of World Population by Massimo Livi-
Bacci, (file:///C:/Users/Timoteo/Downloads/A Concise History of World Population.pdf),
then make an analysis using the format below.
I. Summary
Write the summary of the journal in your own words.
Avoid copying and pasting.
II. Insights
What are your reflections after reading the journal?
III. How does the article influence you as a citizen of the world?

LESSON 12
THE GLOBAL MIGRATION CONNECTING

• Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors
underlying the global movements of people
Display first-hand knowledge of the experiences of the OFW’s
CONFIGURING

DECODING
1. Share with the class your viewpoints regarding the statistics presented above.
2. Why do you think most Filipino workers choose to work in Asia?
3. What does this statistics tell us?
4. Do you think international migration help the economy of our country? Prove your
stance.
5. Would you also choose to work abroad in the future? Why or why not?
ADVANCING
Glo6aC Migration: Definitions and Types
• Migration means crossing the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain
minimum period (Boyle et al. 1998).
• Internal migration is the movement of people from one area like a province, a district, or
municipality to another within one country.
• International migration is the crossing the frontiers which separate one of the world’s
approximately 200 states from another.

• Many scholars argue that internal and international migration are part of the same
process; they should be analyzed together (Skeldon 1997).
• The great majority of border crossings do not imply migration: most travelers are
tourists or business visitors who have no intention of staying in the country for good.
• International migration arises in a world divided up into nation-states, in which
remaining in the country of birth is still seen as norm and moving to another country as
a deviation.
• Migration tends to be regarded as problematic. It has to be controlled and curbed, for it
may bring unpredictable changes.
International migrants are divided into:
• Temporary labor migrants- who migrate for a limited period of time in order to work and
send remittances to families in the country of origin.
• Highly-skilled and business migrants- people with qualifications such as the managers,
executives, professionals, technicians, and the like, who move within the internal labor
markets of transnational corporations and international organizations.
• Irregular migrants- also known as the undocumented or illegal migrants. They enter the
country in search for employment with no necessary documents and permits.

Refugees- those who are unable or unwilling to return to their country because
of a ‘well-founded fear or persecution on account of race, religion, nationality,
membership in a particular social group or political opinion.
• Asylum seekers- those who move across borders in search of protection.
• Forced migration- in a broader sense, this includes not only refugees and asylum
seekers but also people forced to move by environmental catastrophes or
development projects like new factories, roads or dams.
• Family members- also known as family reunion or family reunification migrants.
• Return migrants- those who return to their countries of origin after a period in
another country.
Cause of Migration
■/ Disparity in levels of income
■/ Employment
■/ Social well-being
■/ Differences in demographic patterns with regard to fertility, mortality, age-structure,
and labor-force growth
■/ According to neo-classical economic theory, the main cause of migration is
individual’s efforts to maximize their income by moving from low-wage to high-wage
economies

■/ Migration decisions are made not just by individuals- they often represent family strategies
to maximize income and survival chances (Hugo, 1994).

The Volume of Contemporary Migration
• The United Nations figures show that the global migrant stock (the number of people
resident in a place outside their country of birth) grew from 75 million in 1965 to 120
million in 1990.
• The 1990 figure was roughly equal to 2% of the world’s population.
• The number of migrants grew slightly faster than world population as a whole, but the
annual growth rate of 1.9% for the whole period increasing to 2.6% from 1985-1990 was
not dramatic.
• International migrants remain a fairly small minority.
• Internal migration, conversely, is much larger,
• For instance the number of internal migrants in India in 1981 was some 200 million, more
than double the number of international migrants in the whole world at that time.
• The significance of migration as a major factor in societal change lies in the fact that it is
concentrated in certain countries and regions.
• Migration affects certain areas within both the sending and the receiving countries more
than others.
• Migration needs to take place in an orderly way to safeguard the human rights of migrants.

CREATING
A. INTERVIEW. You will interview a former or a current Overseas Filipino Worker
through face-to-face or online. Draft your possible questions first. Make sure your
questions will tackle concerns about the factors or the reasons of their employment
abroad. Two to three questions will do.

B. Synthesis:
Inside the heart-shaped organizer, express your learning and reflection you gained
from your interview. Share it with the class.

LESSON 13
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
CONNECTING
• Compare and contrast stability from sustainability
• Identify and analyze challenges towards sustainable
development
• Generate insights on sustainable development initiatives and efforts
CONFIGURING
GOAL I END POVERTY GOAL 2 END HUNGER GOAL 3 WELL-
BEING GOAL <1 QUALITY EDUCATION 60AL5 GENDER

EQUALITY GOAL 6 WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL GOAL 7
AFFORDABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY GOAL 3 DECENT
WORK FOR ALL 60AL 9 TECHNOLOGY TO BENEFIT ALL GOAL

10 REDUCE INEQUALITY GOAL II SAFE CITIES AND
COMMUNITIES G0AL12 RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION BY ALL
GOAL 13 STOP CLIMATE CHANGE ,

GOAL M PROTECT THE OCEAN GOAL 15 TAKE CARE OF THE EARTH GOAL 16 LIVE IN
PEACE
GOAL 17 MECHANISMS AND PARTNERSHIPS TO REACH THE GOALS

DECODING
1. From the 17 sustainable development goals presented above, which do you think is
the most achievable? Why do you say so?
2. Which is the least achievable? Elucidate reasons why.
3. Which do you think the citizens around the globe should address with urgency? Why?
4. As an ordinary citizen, what can you do to help achieve these sustainable
development goals?
5. What should we, as citizens of the world, collectively do to fulfill the goals for
sustainable development?
ADVANCING
Sustainable Economic Systems
There was a strong impression that the global economy became the sphere of extreme
uncertainty and risk during the first decade of the twenty-first century. It can be recalled that
there was a dimension of crisis that began in 2007. It was not like another business cycle
setback. It was a serious breakdown that challenged the foundations of modern approaches to
the creation of welfare.

Collapsing financial markets, rising unemployment, deeper inequalities, a shrinking
middle class, extreme indebtedness, and inability of governments to force through reforms were
just some of the symptoms of crisis around the globe. Moreover, the challenges of climate
change and the unavailability of resources that were important in the development of
technologies to keep the economy growing continued to surface. Ulrich Beck, a German
sociologist, has predicted these things to happen years back, and has coined the term, “risk
society” (Beck, 1986).
Stability
• Firmness in position, permanence and resistance to change are the words
associated with stability.
• The International Monetary Fund, 2012 defines it as ‘avoiding large swings in
economic activity, high inflation, and excessive volatility in exchange rates and financial
markets.
• This refers to indexes that describe the economy in short term categories.
• Knoop (2009) expressed that within a few years, every economy moves through
periods of rapid growth with rising demand, higher inflation and dropping unemployment,
followed by depression with reversal phenomena.
• Excessive highs and lows should be avoided.
• There was a Great Depression that happened in 1929, when the economy
collapsed in a dramatic way after long years of post-war prosperity and overproduction.
• The global crisis in the 1970’s opened the gates of new economic ideas.
• Monetarism, which is premised on the idea that stabilization could be produced control
of amount of money in circulation.
• Milton Friedman started to dominate global capitalism.
• Global capitalism fitted well with neo-liberalism, which expanded with the free market
reforms of Ronald Reagan in the USA and Margaret Thatcher in the United Kingdom.
• The 1990’s still experienced world economy collapses such as the Asian financial crisis
in 19987, the Russian crisis followed by the disaster in Argentina that started in 1999.
• These crises were mainly attributed to major political mistakes, but particularly alarming
with their contagion effects.
• Since 2007, many countries had been trying to restore stabilization.
Sustainability
• It considers the long-term capacities of a system to exist, not its short term resistance
to change
• Bruntland Report (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987) said
that ‘development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ deserves the label of
sustainability.
• Technology became a fantastic escape from the sustainability dilemma.

• The Solow-Swan model from the 1950’s saw the only chance for innovations.
• A sheer increase of the amount of resources added to input could lead to diminishing
marginal returns only.
• New ideas in technology and organization made it possible to overtake the steady state
of zero growth and induce development without increasing resources.
• Paul Romer and Robert Lucas in 1980’s proposed a new theory called, the New Growth
Theory.
• The endogenous factors like human capital and education were recognized as crucial
for growth and their application was free from the steady state of classical resources.
• In the 19th century, the issue of sustainability considered mainly social conditions in
early industrial capitalism.
• Modern debate on sustainability focused mainly on environmental questions.
• In 1968, Garret Hardin wrote the famous book, Tragedy of Commons that analyzed how
public goods got exhausted by actors in a free market economy (Hardin, 1968).
• The Club of Rome published, The Limits to Growth that dealt with the connection
between economic growth and the scarcity of resources.
• Rising awareness of the sustainability problem in environmental issues and resources
translated also into international cooperation.

Sustainability perspectives started to be visible not only in the environmental
area but also on the theme of overpopulation.
CREATING
A. INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY. Show the similarities and differences of
stability and sustainability using the Venn diagram below.

B. Historical Data Analysis. Using the historical data, global or
local, express your ideas about them.
“hi the last 30 years the proportion of the World population living in
1. extreme poverty has...”
55%
2.
3. UNSUSTAINABLE LAND USE DEGRADES LAND IN LATIN AMERICA AND

THE CARIBBEAN
hltp;/rt>it.ly/1vX51dz WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE

Populatio Vearly % ChangeDensity World
4
Country’s Share of
(P/K.OT2) Populatio
World Pop Global
Rank
, 1.2% 446 17.85%
1,312,457, 7,432,663,
832 275 2
1,292,836,
India Population (2016,
1.27% 2015 and historical)
441 18.92% 7,349,472, 2
541 099
1,230,984, 1.47% 414 18.88% 6,929,725, 2

504 043
5.
6.

C. Journal Writing.
What should the people around the globe do to attain the 17 sustainable
development goals?
UPLOADING
Using the graphic organizer below, write down the things you shall do to
help attain the 17 SDG’s.

LESSON 14
GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

CONNECTING
• Discuss the meaning of global food security and its four
pillars
Critique key trends in global food security
Propose concrete actions to address problems and challenges on global food security
CONFIGURING
New Hope against Hunger: These 'Super Beans'

Early signs of success in Africa
By Newser Editors and Wire Services Posted Dec 3, 2017 3:10 PM CST
(NEWSER) - The so-called "super bean," a fast-maturing, high-yield variety, is being
promoted by Uganda's government and agriculture experts amid efforts to feed hunger-
prone parts of Africa, the AP reports. It's also a step toward the next goal: the "super, super
bean" that researchers hope can be created through genetic editing. The beans are
thrilling farmers in an impoverished part of northern Uganda that also strains under the
recent arrival of more than 1 million refugees from its war-torn neighbor, South
Sudan. The International Center for Tropical Agriculture says the beans have been bred by
conventional means to resist the drought conditions that can lead to starvation as arable land
disappears.
The group operates one of just two bean "gene banks" in Africa, which is expected to be hit
hardest by climate change even though the continent produces less than 4% of the world's
greenhouse gases, according to the UN Development Program. Beans kept at the two banks
are sent to partners in 30 countries across the continent to be developed further so they can
cope with local conditions. The Uganda bank stores around 4,000 types of beans, including
some sourced from neighboring Rwanda before its 1994 genocide killed around 800,000 people
and wiped out many of the country's bean varieties. Aid workers hope the beans will encourage
the refugees to grow their own food rather than rely on handouts, which in some cases have
been cut because of funding shortages.
DECODING
1. What does the news headline tell us?
2. Do you think the discovery of ‘super beans’ can really solve hunger in the country, in the
continent, and in the globe at large?
3. Why do you think scientists, like the ones in Africa, continue to research for things that
address hunger?
4. Is the problem of food, nutrition and diseases common in the Philippines?Give
concrete examples.
5. Can you name of government organizations and programs that address such
problems?
ADVANCING
The Challenge of Feeding the World
Global food security has become one of the challenges of the 21st century. The increase of
global food prices has caught the attention of all governments worldwide. The vulnerability of
food systems to a number of demographic, socio-economic, environmental and policy-related
factors was also among the concerns of the globe. The detrimental impacts of high food prices
and food and agriculture-related policies affected the poor and marginalized communities,
specifically in the developing countries.
The upheavals in local food systems have an influence on the regional and global food security
concerns. Conversely, the developments at the global level often have the power to penetrate
deep within the regions and states to cause high levels of insecurity. These developments may
also have diverse and far-reaching consequences for the security and over-all well-being of
communities across borders.

An Evolving Concept of Food Security
■/ Food security is used widely across disciplines and issue areas.
■/ The prevalence of food insecurity is manifested by the presence of hunger and
malnourishment.
■/ Food security is associated with the availability of food at the local, national and global
levels (McDonald, 2010).
■/ 1974 UN World Food Conference defined food security as the ‘availability at all times of
adequate world food supplies of basic foodstuffs to sustain a steady expansion of food
consumption and to offset fluctuations in production and prices' (FAQ, 2003: 27).
■/ Maxwell (1996) mentioned that in subsequent decades, three distinct paradigm shifts
took place to significantly influence the food security discourse and international
agenda.
■/ First paradigm shift was through the late 1970's and early 1980's in which the academic
and policy discourse on food security witnessed a shift away from the rather limiting
focus on food availability and supply as the core concerns of food security.
■/ The second paradigm shift highlighted the importance of livelihood security as a key
household priority and component of food security, shaping decisions around whether
or not to go hungry in the short term.

■/ The third shift indicates a move away from a purely calorie-counting approach to food
security, to one that incorporates subjective measures of what it means to be food-
secure, including access to food that is preferable (Maxwell, 1988,1996:158-60.)
■/ Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 2002).
Global Food Security- Key Trends
A. Rising Food Prices and Poverty
• In the mid 2000’s, global food prices began to climb.
• The prices of key staples such as wheat, rice, maize, and soy bean as well as edible
oils all soared.
• Civil unrest in the forms of protests and riots in numerous countries around the world
happened.
• The impact of food prices spikes has been most devastating to those who are in the
poverty level.
• The global food price crisis in 2007-2008 may have forced as many as 100 million
people deeper into poverty.

• The global food price spike in 2010-2011 may have consigned an additional 44 million
around the globe to a life of poverty and food insecurity (Rastello and Pugh, 2011).
• There are several reasons that have been debated over the global food price spikes. One of
those is the on-going world population growth.
• The growth of the world population is proportionate to the demand for food and rising
incomes and growing per capita food consumption.
• The rising cost of fuel and agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides; in developing
countries, declining or stagnating agricultural yield growth rates in the context of the poor;
adverse weather events such as droughts and floods; the knee-jerk government export
bans in the face of food shortage, and the financial speculation in agricultural commodities
could have also been the reasons of global food prices spikes on the supply side.
B. Population Growth and Urbanization
• By mid-century, the world’s total population is set to reach over 9 billion, doubling the
demand for food, feed, and fiber (FAO, 2009).
• The increase of demands for food comes from developing countries in Asia and Africa.
• India and China, for example, are the fastest growing countries in the Asian region.

• The demographic trends in Asia have serious implications for food systems in the
region and elsewhere.
• As the youth move from rural areas to urban areas to look for better livelihoods, there
are fewer people of working age left behind to produce the growing quantities of food
required to meet rising demand in urban areas.
• The mass movement of people from rural to urban areas has also been accompanied
by a rapid and ongoing expansion of cities and slums in parts of Asia.
• By 2030, urban populations and the number of slum dwellers in Africa and Asia are set
to double.
• Slums are characterized by lack of access to clean drinking water, inadequate
sanitation and waste disposal mechanism, making resident population highly
vulnerable to quick-spreading diseases and chronic food insecurity (CISS, 2013).
C. Rising Incomes and Changing Diets
• As incomes in developing countries continue to grow, more and more people are able
to access food in greater quantities.
• Initial increases in food consumption may pertain to the intake of higher quantities of
key staples- cereals.

• There is a substitution phase in which the cereals are replaced by more energy-rich foods
such as meat and those with a high concentration of vegetable oils and sugar (Godfrey et
al., 2010: 2770)
• Global consumption of meat increased by around 62 per cent between 1963 and 2005.
• The consumption of meat in the developing countries grew threefold during this period.
• Much of the growth of meat consumption took place in Asia in general and in China in
particular (Kearney, 2010:2796).
• However, not all developing countries have experienced this phenomenon of nutrition
transition equally.
• In India, for example, the consumption of meat continues to lag behind when compared to
Brazil and China for people at similar income levels.
• The overall demand for grains for direct and indirect consumption through animal products
continues to expand.
• In China, the increasing conversion of land for intensive mono-cropping of soybeans and
maize for animal feed over the decades had caused immense pollution of waterways by
pesticides and fertilizers, declines in biodiversity, the destruction of natural carbon sinks
and rising greenhouse gas emissions (Schneider, 2011).
D. Bio-fuel Production, Land Use Change and Access to Land

• The global surge in bio-fuel production was triggered in 2004-2005.
• It happened when the United States and the European Union adopted a number of
policies and incentives to boost bio-fuel consumption (USAID, 2009).
• Biofuels are seen to be significant in reducing dependence o fossil fuels in a number of
countries around the globe.
• Biofuel production -and policies that encourage and support it- has become highly
controversial in the context of global food security.
• First generation biofuels are produced from plant starch, oils, animal fats and sugars.
• Bio-ethanol, for example, is produced from food crops such as sugarcane, maize,
wheat, sugar beets and sweet sorghum, and is currently the most widely used form of
biofuel.
• The United States and Brazil are the world’s largest bioethanol producing countries.
• Largest quantities of biodiesel, which is made from edible oils, come from Germany,
France, United States, and Italy (Naylor et at., 2007).
• Jean Ziegler (2007:2), the UN special Rapporteur on the right to food, stated that the
sudden, ill-conceived, rush to convert food into fuels is a recipe for disaster.
• The IMF highlighted that biofuels were responsible for almost half the increase in the
total consumption of key food crops in 2006-2007.

• In Asia, a large number of small farmers in countries like Cambodia, Laos, the
Philippines, Bangladesh, and Nepal continue to suffer from weak access to
land and tenure insecurity, in the wider context of weak governance
institutions, poor law enforcement, and endemic corruption.
E. Climate Change
• Climate change affects all four dimensions of food security: food availability,
food accessibility, food utilization, and food systems stability.
• Agriculture is highly-sensitive to climate, and food production is affected
directly by variations in agro-ecological conditions for growing crops
(Devereux and Maxwell, 2001; Fischer et al., 2002; Kurukulasuriya and
Rosenthal, 2003; Schmidhuber and Tubiello, 2007).
• Overall studies show that the impacts of climate change will be mixed and
uneven across regions (IPCC, 2007).
• In the next four decades or so, average global temperature will rise by 2-3
degrees Celsius (Stern, 2006:56).
• For countries located at lower latitudes, the IPCC warns that the productivity of
major crops like rice, wheat, and maize, is projected to drop with even small
increases in local average temperature. This is

particularly the case for countries that are located in seasonally dry and
tropical regions.
• Climate change will bring the developing countries ‘high costs and few
benefits’ (Stern, 2006:vii).
• Low income developing countries tend to lack adequate infrastructure for
health care, and large chunks of the population often do not have access to
basic amenities such as clean drinking water and sanitation.
• Both sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, with the highest levels of hunger
and malnourishment worldwide, are set to suffer from the negative impacts of
climate change on crop production.
CREATING
A. ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION. Discuss the matters and
issues regarding the assigned topic in each group.
Group A- Rising Food Prices and Poverty Group B- Population
Growth and Urbanization Group C- Rising Income and
Changing Diets Group D- Biofuel Production, Land Use
Change and Access the Land Group E- Climate Change

You may answer the guide questions below as you discuss
your
assigned topic by filling out the Analysis Matrix.
1. How does this trend affect the food system locally and globally?
2. How can this trend be remedied for a long-term sustainability?
TREND QUESTION # 1 QUESTION # 2 QUESTION # 3

3. How does this trend shape global food security?
B. ROLE-PLAYING ACTIVITY. In five minutes, dramatize situations
highlighting concrete actions on how we can address the
problems and challenges on global food security.

C. Journal Writing.
Can you name the threats of food system in the Philippines? What should we do
to hurdle such challenge?
UPLOADING
In a short bond paper, enumerate and explain the four pillars of food
security.

LESSON 15
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
CONNECTING
• Articulate a personal definition of global citizenship
• Appreciate the ethical obligation of global citizenship
CONFIGURING
The UK Commits to Safer Schools, Urged by the Actions of Global

Citizens and Partners
This is vital news at a time of escalating conflict
By Katie Dallas
(Published April 20, 2018. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-safe-schools-action/#.)
In a week of military action in Syria that is drawing global attention, it is important to
remember the innocent human lives — including the many children — that suffer during conflict.
An often-overlooked consequence during these periods is the impact on education, despite how
critical learning is for children to rebuild their war-torn communities.

More than a third of Syrian schools have been destroyed or damaged by fighting
leaving nearly 2 million children out of the classroom. And another 600,000 who have fled their
homes are not in school. The story is much the same with rising conflict across the globe — 246
million children experience some kind of school violence in the world today.
Thus it came as very welcome news on Thursday that the UK became the 74th
signatory to the Safe Schools Declaration — a commitment that serves as an official assurance
that the UK will condemn attacks on schools, protect education during armed conflict, and offer
supervision, services and teaching to save children’s lives.
Just 48 hours before, at the “Girls in Emergencies” reception co-hosted by Global
Citizen and Coalition for Global Prosperity, Global Citizen and our partners at Send My Friend to
School had performed a petition handover to the UK Foreign Secretary, Boris Johnson, at the
event. The petition contained the signatures of 25,549 people and children from 932 schools
who want the UK to sign this declaration to make schools around the world safe. At the event,
Johnson had indicated that the declaration would be signed “very soon.”
This vital commitment is thanks to your actions and the tireless campaign led by our
partners — among them: Send My Friend to School, the Global Coalition to Protect Schools
from Attack, Save the Children, Results UK, Plan UK, Human Rights Watch, Global Citizen and
the Malala Fund. For the past four years these organizations have been urging the UK
government to join 73 other countries, including Canada, France and New Zealand, as
signatories to the Declaration.

The importance of a commitment like this should not be underestimated. In
Afghanistan, where at least 40 schools were attacked in 2016, the Education Ministry is using
the declaration to push for the removal of military checkpoints and bases from schools, with
other big steps also taken in Central African Republic, Nigeria, Somalia and the Democratic
Republic of Congo.
Of course, Global Citizen and partners will be watching closely to see that the UK
government stands by this commitment and takes concrete steps to make it less likely that
students, teachers, schools and universities will be attacked in coming months. And we invite
other Commonwealth countries, like Australia, Malawi and Bangladesh, and G7 leaders like
Japan and the United States to sign up to the Declaration to help every child stay safe in their
place of learning.
DECODING
1. What did you feel after reading the article?
2. How does the Syrian military action affect the children in the country?
3. What is the relevance of UK’s signatory to Safe School Declaration?
4. Do you think the Philippines has to sign the said declaration?
5. Why should we care about the children and their learning environment around the
globe

ADVANCING
Acting as Global Citizens
• The world citizen was typically an intellectual, who travelled widely, met and corresponded
with intellectuals in many countries and advanced cosmopolitan views.
• Since 1945, the global citizen is usually pictured as the activist on transnational social
movements.
• The idea that travelling is an expression of cosmopolitanism is indeed debatable.
• Mass tourism, which often shields people from the society they are visiting, has nothing to
do with increasing international understanding and may hay harmful effects on the environment
and local culture.
• However, there are travels that are seen as means of promoting international understanding
like exchanges between schoolchildren,
• The image of wandering scholar is still part of a cosmopolitan view of the world of learning.
• It is also encouraged by governments to promote friendly relations between countries.
• In the beginning of the 21st century, there was the development of informal networks and
formal transnational organizations.

These organizations pursue professional or social interests that have become an important
feature of international politics.

• The existence of these organizations can be interpreted as the creation of civil global
society.
• The existence of transnational associations does not necessarily mean that those involved
are acting as global citizens because in many cases, they are basically promoting their own
particular concerns.
• Those who belong to these organizations meet in international conferences to share their
ideas and to call for states and international law to respect their rights to copyright and to an
income from their writing.
• Campaigning to transnational organizations is committed to global causes.
• The number and importance of voluntary bodies opposing oppression, or expressing
practical solidarity with those suffering in other parts of the world also grew significantly in the
20th century.
• Many people around the world are making links across national frontiers to demonstrate
support for cosmopolitan ideals.
• Transnational organizations like Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace cite
discussions on global citizenship.
• Transnational movements usually involve political lobbying and protest.
• Sometimes, they encompass more extreme form of resistance.
• They also depend on volunteers who offer direct assistance to those who are suffering from
abuse, poverty, war, among others.

Global Civil Society
• The concept of civil society has become central to social theory since the 1980’s when
dissident intellectuals in Eastern Europe looked to social networks initiated from below
to provide a sphere of independence from the state and a basis for resistance.
• The existence of autonomous social groups and institutions has been seen as essential
to democratization both in remaining communist regimes such as China and in other
authoritarian states.
• Democratic theorists have argued that civil society is essential to liberal democracies
as a barrier to an encroaching state
• Participation in voluntary bodies provides a political education and promotes
responsible citizenship.
• Hegel and Marx conceptualized civil society as the sphere defined by the market
economy, and its resulting individualism and socially divisive effects.
• But most theorists of civil society see it as distinct from both the state and the economy.
• Civil society also suggests very informal links - whether between neighbors or fellow
enthusiasts of a particular hobby.
• The implication of global civil society must depend on how it is defined and on the
comparative economic and political power of groups within it.

• Global civil society poses a direct challenge to states when groups within one country
ignore or oppose official policies to create links with citizens in other countries.
Campaigning for human rights: Cosmopolitan principles and international law
• The basic tenet of cosmopolitanism is the belief in universal equality and human rights.
• Transnational organizations supporting human rights are often cited in discussion of
both global society and global citizenship.
• Richard Falk discussed how global civil society promotes a world order based not on
state interests but on the interests and rights of human beings.
• Amnesty International and regional human rights bodies typify this move towards ‘a law
of humanity.’
• Amnesty International is probably the best-known human rights campaigning
organization with a separate international secretariat and sections in many parts of the
world.
• It is used to exemplify transnational action to protect individual rights.
• Amnesty has also played a role in strengthening global civil society.
• It can also be seen as a collective global citizen.
• Human Rights Watch, which is based in the USA, is one of those who play important
role in monitoring human rights worldwide and protesting about abuses.

CREATING
A. Make your personal concept map of global citizenship based on the discussion in
Advancing. After drawing out concepts, you need to synthesize a personal
definition of the term, ‘global citizen’.

Synthesis: What is a global citizen?
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________
B. BIG GROUP SHARING
The class will generate its collective definition of a global citizen based on the concepts they
shared.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________
UPLOADING
In a short bond paper, discuss the following topics:
A. Women’s rights and transnational solidarity
B. Transnational action for aid and development
C. Green activities and world citizenship
D. Consumers as global citizens

REFERENCES
Albrow, Martin and Elizabeth King (eds.) (1990). Globalization, Knowledge and Society.
London: Sage.ISBN 978-0803983243 .
Al-Rodhan, Nayef R.F. and Gerard Stoudmann. (2006, 19 June). Definitions
of Globalization: A Comprehensive Overview and a Proposed Definition. Castles, S. (2000).
International Migration at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Global Trends
and Issues. UK. Blackwell Publishers.
Caggiano, G. & Huff, G. Globalization and Labor Market Integration in Late nineteenth and
early Twentieth Century Asia.
Claudio, L. (2014). Locating the Global South. The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two
volumes.Thousand Oaks:SAGE.
Dallas, Katie.(2018). The UK Commits to Safer Schools, Urged by the Actions of
Global Citizens and Partners. Retrieved from: (
https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uk-safe-schools-action/#.)
Fowler, M., & Bunck, J. (1996). What Constitutes the Sovereign State? Review of

International Studies, 22(4), 381-404. doi:10.1017/S0260210500118637.
Glenn, C.(2016). Timeline: the Rise, Spread and Fall of the Islamic State.
Retrieved: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/timeline-the-rise-spread-and-fall-the-islamic-state.
Giddens, Anthony. (1991). The Consequences of Modernity Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 64.
ISBN 9780745609232.
Global Power City Index (2017). Retrieved from: Error! Hyperlink reference not valid..) Held,
David, et al. (1999). Global Transformations Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN
9780745614984.
Hopkins, A.G. (ed.). (2004). Globalization in World History. London: Norton, pp. 4-8. ISBN 978-
0393979428.
Inosemtsev Vladislav L. (2008) .Age of Globalization .The Present Day Globalization.
Juergensmeyer, Mark. Religion in the New Global War. Retrieved from:
http://wcfia.harvard.edu/files/wcfia/files/614 juergensmeyer.pdf.)
Kraidy, M. (2002). Globalization of Culture through the Media. In J. R. Schement
(Ed.),Encyclopedia of communication
172 | The Contemporary Worldand information (Vol. 2, pp. 359-363).
New York, NY: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from
http://repository.upenn.edu/asc papers/325.
Lee, Ronald. (2003). The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries

of
Fundamental Change. (Retrieved from:

http://www.economie.ens.fr/IMG/pdf/lee 2003.pdf.)
Mazower, Mark. 2006. “An International Civilization? Empire, Internationalism and
the Crisis of the Mid-Twentieth Century.”International Affairs 82(3): 553-566.
Neubauer, D. The Rise of the Global Corporation.
Robertson, Roland (1992). Globalization : Social Theory and Global Culture (Reprint. ed.).
London: Sage. ISBN 0803981872 8.
Steger, M., Battersby, P. & Siracusa, J. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two
volumes.Thousand Oaks:SAGE.
Steger, Manfred B.(2005). Ideologies of Globalization. Journal of Political Ideologies 10(1): 11-
30.
Weiss, Thomas & Thakur, Ramesh. (2014). The United Nations Meets the Twenty first Century:
Confronting the Challenges of Global Governance. The SAGE Handbook of
Globalization.


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THE

Crisanto A. Daing, Ph.D

1 | The Contemporary World

to varied issues and realities.

skills. The worktext has the following components:

them in the course of the discussion of the lesson.

learning of the students or bridges them to the present topic of discussion.

used in the Configuring part.

topic to make the students understand the lesson.

2 | The Contemporary World

perform tasks that assess the students’ learning in the lesson.

exercises that reinforce their understanding in the lesson.

understand and appreciate the contemporary world.

and suggested by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED).

Copyright 2018 by:

Crisanto A. Daing, Ph.D.

3 | The Contemporary World

4 | The Contemporary World

COURSE DESCRIPTION UNIT 1

Lesson 1 Introduction to Globalization .....................................................................6

Lesson 2 The Global Economy .....................................................................17

Lesson 3 Market Integration .....................................................................27

Lesson 4 The Global Interstate System .....................................................................44

Lesson 5 Global Contemporary Governance .....................................................................58

Lesson 6 Global Divides: The North and the South ......................................................67

Lesson 7 Asian Regionalism .....................................................................76

Lesson 8 Global Media Cultures .....................................................................86

Lesson 9 The Globalization of Religion ....................................................................98

Lesson 10 The Global City ....................................................................110

Lesson 11 Global Demography ....................................................................121

Lesson 12 Global Migration ....................................................................131

Lesson 13 Sustainable Development ....................................................................139

Lesson 14 Global Food Security ....................................................................148

Lesson 15 Global Citizenship ....................................................................161

The students are expected to:

Nigeria, Namibia, Mozambique, Ghana, Zambia, and elsewhere.

6 | The Contemporary World

1. What is the news all about?

Africa? For the world?

3. What do you think is the implication of this news to the world?

still a hollow terminology. However, after the Cold

7 | The Contemporary World

economical and informational dimensions. As it is defined by Webster, globalization is the

capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets.

markets have replaced the disintegrated economies of various countries.

among people in the local, national and even

8 | The Contemporary World

relationships and networks which are relevant in the global interactions.

flows occur in different physical and mental dimensions.

modern independence of nation-states. He furthered that key concepts of globalization have

connections between the local and the distant.

9 | The Contemporary World

growing fast and are able to reduce problems of poverty.

modern technology based on science and knowledge.

10 | The Contemporary World

Terror’ under US leadership.

protects individual freedom.

market-globalist perspective sees globalization as the spread of irreversible market

have the capacity to use new technologies to solve social problems.

semantic link between ‘globalization-market’ and the adjacent idea of

investors, connected by screens and networks.’

increasingly rapid dissemination of information, technological innovation, and the proliferation of

world. Francis Fukuyama (2000) stressed that there exists a ‘clear