Physics

102 course

PHYS Unit-1
102 Mechanics
CHAPTER :1
Units and Dimensions
Motion in One Dimension

PHYS
102
 TOPICS
TO BE
1.Physics and Measurement: COVERE


Standards of Length, Mass, and Time.
Dimensional analysis
D
 Conversion of units
 Significant figures and scientific notation

1. Motion in One Dimension

 Position, velocity, and speed.
 Particle under constant velocity
 Acceleration
 Motion Diagrams
 Particle under Constant Acceleration
• Kinematic equations.
• Freely Falling objects.

PHYS
102
By the end of this lecture, you should be able to:
OBJECTI
•
•
Understand the difference between base and derived units.
when solving problems.
VES
• Add and subtract vectoCheck equations using dimensional
analysis.
• Give the results with the correct number of significant
figures rs graphically.
• Describe motion in terms of distance , displacement, speed,
velocity, acceleration and time.
• Describe motion using motion diagrams and graphs.
• Solve problems using kinematics equations
• Apply kinematic equations to free fall bodies.

PHYS
102
The basic laws of physics involve physical
quantities such as force, velocity, volume,
and acceleration, all of which can be
described in terms of more fundamental
quantities.
In mechanics, the three most fundamental INTRODUCTION
quantities are length (L), mass (M), and
time (T).
All other physical quantities can be
constructed from these three.

PHYS
102
 The meter is defined as the length of the path
travelled by light in a vacuum during a time
interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
 The time interval was chosen so that the speed THE
of light C is exactly c= 299 792 458 m/s INTERNATIO
 One second is defined as the time taken by 9 NAL SYSTEM
192 631 770 oscillations of the light emitted
by the cesium atom.
OF UNITS
 The SI standards of mass is a platinum-iridium
cylinder kept at the international Bureau of
Weights and Measures near Paris and assigned
a mass of kilogram.

 https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/9108411/new-standard-kilogram-when-chang
e-effect-start/
Time Mass Length
Second(s) Kilogram(kg) Meter(m) SI units

Second(s) Gram(g) Centimeter CGS units BASE

(cm)
PHYSICAL
Second(s) Slug(sl) Foot(ft) BE
QUANTITIES

PHYS
102
ALL OTHER
QUANTITIES CAN
BE DERIVED
FROM THE BASIC
UNITS.. GIVE
EXAMPLES??

PHYS
102
 Changing units require a converging factor:
 3 min=3(min) x 60 s/1 min=180 sec

CONVERSIO
 A conversion factor is a ratio of units that is N FACTOR
equal to one. Multiplying any quantity by
unity leaves the quantity unchanged.
 The table on the next slide shows examples
of conversion factors.
 Table of Conversion
PHYS 102
Table of Convers

PHYS
102
 Using the table of conversion, answer
these questions.

CONVERSIO
Q1 Convert 12 inches to centimeters.
N OF UNITS
Ans.1: From the table: 1 inch = 2.54 cm

PHYS
1 inch 2.54 cm
Form a ratio of value 1: 2.54 cm =1 , =1
1 inch

102
2.54 cm
(12 inches) x ( ) = 30.5 cm
1 inch
 Some common derived quantities and their
units

Physical Defined as unit Special name DERIVED

quantity QUANTITIES
density Mass ÷ volume kg/ m3 AND THEIR
momentum Mass x velocity kg m/s
UNITS:
force Mass x kg m/s2 newton
acceleration
pressure Force ÷Area kg/ms2 pascal
Work(energy) Force x distance kg m2/s2 joule
power Work ÷ time kg m2/s3 watt
Electric Current x time As coulomb
charge
Velocity distance÷time m/s
acceleration velocity÷time m/s PHYS
102
Base quantities
DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN
 They do not depend on any quantities BASE AND
 They are seven in number DERIVED
 Examples :length , mass, time etc
QUANTITIES
 Their units are called as base units

Derived quantities
 They depend on base quantities
 They are many
 Examples : force, velocity, acceleration etc
 Their units are called as derived units they are
PHYS
derived from base units 102
 This means that in any correct equation the
base units of each part must be the same
 The base units on the right hand side of the
HOMOGEN
equation should be the same as left hand side EOUS
EQUATIONS

Example
 Kinetic energy = 1/2 mv²
 Joule =1/2 kg m²/s²
 kg m²/s² = kg m²/s²
 ½ is a pure number and has no units.
PHYS
To check an equation we can make use of units.
102
 The dimensional analysis is important in
checking the validity of any mathematical DIMENSION
expression. The dimension of any quantity
will be defined in brackets [ ]. The AL
dimension of velocity is [ ] = L/T ANALYSIS
 Example:

x  1 2 at 2
The dimensional form of this equation can
be written as:
PHYS
L
102
L  2 T 2  L
T
  For very large or small numbers, we can use
standard prefixes
PREFIXES/
SCIENTIFIC
prefix symbol multiplier
NOTATIONS
giga G 10⁹
mega M 10⁶
kilo k 10³
milli m 10-3
micro µ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12
femto f 10-15 PHYS
102
  To find the number of significant figures you
must count up the total number of digits,
starting at the first non-zero digit , reading
from left to right
SIGNIFICAN
T FIGURES

3 s.f 2 s.f 1 s.f

4.62 4.6 5
0.00501 0.0050 0.005
3.40 x 10⁶ 3.4 x 10⁶ 3 x 10⁶
169 1.7 x 10² 2 x 10²

I posted a pdf file explaining the rules of Significant figures.

PHYS
Check it out
102
A man covers a distance of 100.0m in
68s.Calculate his average speed. EXAMPLE
Speed = distance/time OF
= 100.0/68
SIGNIFICAN
T FIGURES
= 1.4705882 m/s
This is the answer from your calculator
Distance:4 s.f., time:2 s.f. See the smaller one.
We round to 2 s.f.
So our answer will be = 1.5m/s

PHYS
102
  Vectors have both magnitude and direction.
 Scalars have only magnitude but no direction
VECTORS
AND
SCALARS

Scalars Vectors
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Mass Weight
Pressure Force
Energy Momentum
Temperature
Volume
Acceleration
Electric current
PHYS
Density Torque 102
A scalar quantity is one that can be described with a single
number (including any units) giving its size or magnitude.

A vector quantity is one that deals inherently with both SCALARS

magnitude and direction. AND
Ps: arrows are used to present the direction of the vector, and the VECTORS
length of the arrow represents the magnitude.

PHYS
102
SCALARS
AND
VECTORS

PHYS
102
SCALARS
AND
VECTORS

PHYS
102
 Vectors can be represented by arrows

A horizontal force of 20N:

REPRESENTI
NG VECTORS
A vertical force of 10N:

PHYS
102
 + =
SCALAR
AND
Scalars are simply added together VECTOR
Vectors acting along the same straight line: ADDITION
F1
F2

Resultant
F1+F2

PHYS
102
 F1
F2 VECTORS
ACTING IN
F1-F2
THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION
Resultant
The length of the arrow represents the
magnitude of the vector
The direction of the arrow represents the
direction of the vector.

PHYS
102
 PERPENDICU
LAR
Y VECTORS

1.By Calculation
The magnitude of the Resultant vector R can be
Found using Pythagoras theorem: R2 = X2 + Y2
tanѲ = opposite/adjacent = Y/X
PHYS
102
 TRIGONOME
TRY

Pythagorean Theorem

The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right

triangle is equal to the sum
PHYS
Of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides:
102
h 2  h02  ha2
 PHYS
TRIGONOMETRY 102
EXAMPLE

TRIGONOME
TRY

PHYS
102
EXAMPLE

TRIGONOME
TRY

PHYS
102
PHYS
102
 Distance and Displacement are both ways of
measuring how far an object has moved.
 Distance is a scalar quantity and Displacement is DISTANCE
a vector quantity. AND
 Distance is the total length of the path travelled. DISPLACEM
 Displacement is the length of the shortest straight ENT
path between the initial and final point in a
particular direction.
 Both are measured in meters.

PHYS
102
 The speed of an object is the distance moved per second.
(or the rate of change of distance is speed).
 Average speed = distance/time m/s (1)
 Speed is a scalar quantity but Velocity is a vector.
 Velocity is the rate of change of displacement. SPEED AND
 Average velocity = displacement/time m/s (2) VELOCITY

PHYS
102
 Using equations 1&2 you can find the average speed
and average velocity for a car journey.
 A speedometer shows the actual or instantaneous
speed of the car , which varies through out the INSTANTANE
journey.
OUS
 To find the instantaneous speed or velocity you have
to find the distance moved or the displacement , over
VELOCITY
a very small interval of time
 The smaller the time ,the closer we get to an
instantaneous value.

PHYS
102
 Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
 Acceleration = change in velocity/time m/s²
 It is a vector quantity .
 The change in velocity may be change in speed or ACCELERATI
direction or both.
ON
 If an object is slowing down , its change in velocity is
negative ,this means a negative acceleration or
deceleration.

PHYS
102
 MOTION
DIAGRAMS

What if the velocity is changing? The body could be

slowing down or going faster. How does this
information affects the motion diagram? Check that
video

https://youtu.be/PR1GfAape7o
What do you understand from the V-t
graph?

MOTION
GRAPHS
MOTION
GRAPHS
 When an object moves with constant , uniform
acceleration in a straight line, we can use the following 4
equations :
 1) v = u + at u = initial velocity EQUATIONS
 2) s = ½ ( u + v ) t s = displacement OF MOTION
 3) s = ut + ½ at² v = final velocity
 4) v² = u² + 2as a =constant acceleration
t = time

PHYS
102
 A free falling object is an object that is falling under the
sole influence of gravity. Any object that is being acted
upon only by the force of gravity is said to be in a state
of free fall. There are two important motion
characteristics that are true of free-falling objects:
 Free-falling objects do not encounter air resistance.

 All free-falling objects (on Earth) accelerate downwards

at a rate of 9.8 m/s/s (often approximated as 10 m/s/s for
back-of-the-envelope calculations)
FREE FALL
How will the kinematic equations be in free
fall motion?

Compare to the original equations

PHYSICS IS
AWESOME
