Analog & Digital

Instruments
Digital frequency meter, voltmeter, LVDT
Learning Outcome
After the ending of the lesson, students will be able to know
 About the operating principle of digital frequency meter.
 About the working principle of analog voltmeter and LVDT
 Mathematical problems related to instruments
 Digital Frequency Meter

Fig. 1. general block diagram of digital frequency meter

The signal whose frequency is to be measured is amplified by amplifier. Then the

amplified signal is applied to the Schmitt trigger. The output of Schmitt trigger
is a square waveform. After that, the output pulses are fed to a Start/Stop
gate. When this gate is enabled, the input pulses pass through the gate and are
fed directly to the electronics counter, which counts the number of pulses.
When the gate is disable, the counter stop counting the incoming pulses. The
counter displays the number of pulses which is the frequency of incoming signal.
Analog Voltmeter
• An analog voltmeter uses external
multiplier setting of 20 kilo-ohm,
multiplier setting of 80 kilo-ohm,
multiplier setting of 40 kilo-ohm,
multiplier settings. With a
It reads 440 V and with a
it reads 352 V. For a
the voltmeter reads?
 If we walk with sincerity and honesty,
we will be successful in the future.

Sincerity
Honesty
Linear Variable Differential
Transformer
Introduction
 LVDT works under the principle of mutual induction, and the displacement which is a
nonelectrical energy is converted into an electrical energy.
 It is also called as LINEAR VARIABLE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER.
• Problems:

The output of an LVDT is connected to 5V voltmeter through an

amplifier with gain of 250. An output of 2mV appears across the
terminal of the LVDT, when the core moves through a distance of
0.5 mm, calculate the sensitivity of LVDT and that of whole set-up.
The milli-voltmeter has 100 divisions. The scale can be read to 1/5
of a division. Calculate the resolution of the instrument in mm.