Chapter 1

Electrical Quantities and units

 Matter- anything that occupies space and has weight
 Element- a substance that cannot be decomposed any
further by chemical action.
 Atom- smallest part that an element can be reduced to
and still keeping the chemical properties of the element.
It is the smallest building block of matter.
 Compound- a combination of two or more elements.
 Molecule- it is the smallest particle that a compound can
be reduced to before it breaks down into its element.
 Electrons – negatively charge particles that revolve around the
nucleus of an atom. Electron is one of the lightest particles with a
known mass. The mass of the electron is about 9.11 x 10-31 kg.

N= 2n2

Where;
N = total number of electrons on a given shell
n = nth shell of the atom.
Protons – positively charged particles that stays in the nucleus of an atom.
Proton is very small but it is fairly massive compare to the other particles that
makes up matter. The mass of one proton is 1.675 x 10-27 kg.

Neutrons – particles having no charge. Neutrons are about the same size as
proton but their mass is slightly greater 1.675 x 10-27 kg.

Nucleus – the central part of the atom where the protons and neutrons of an
atom.

Atomic number – represent the number of the electrons or protons of an

atom.

Atomic mass – represent the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom.

Valence electrons – electrons found in the outermost shell or orbit of an
atom.
 Conductor – materials having less than four (4) valence electrons.

 Semi-conductor – materials having four(4) valence electrons.

 Insulator – materials having more than four (4) valence electrons.

Name of Number of Number of Number of Valence

element electrons protons neutrons electrons
copper 29 29 34 1
Aluminum 13 13 14 3
Germanium 32 32 41 4
phosphorus 15 15 16 5
Electric Charge

Coulomb (C) – unit of electric charge , which is equivalent to 6.25x1018

electrons or protons . Named after the French physicist , Charles A.
coulomb(1736 – 1806).

Remember;
1 electron or proton has a charge of 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
Potential Difference


  Potential – the capability of doing work .
 Volt (V) – unit of potential difference , which is equal to one joule of work
done per one coulomb of charge. Named after the Italian physicist ,
alessandro C. Volta (1754 – 1827) who invented the first electric battery.

Where;
E = potential difference of voltage(volt)
W = work done (joule)
Q = charge (coulomb)
Sample problem

  
Determine the magnitude of the voltage required to accelerate an electron to
kinetic energy of joules.

Note that one electron has a charge of coulomb

 = = 50 000 volts
Electric Current

When
   a potential difference between two charges forces a third charge to
move , the charge in motion is called an electric current.

Ampere(A) – unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past a given
point in one second. Named after the French mathematician , Andre M.
Ampere (1775 – 1836).

Where;
I = current(ampere)
Q= charge(coulomb)
T= time(second)
Sample problem

   car battery supplies a current of 50 ampere to the starter motor. How much
A
charge passes through the starter in minute?

 Q = It = 50 (0.5 min. x
Resistance

  
The fact that a wire carrying a current can became hot, it is evident that the
work done by the applied force in producing the current must be accomplish
against some opposition or resistance.
 Ohms(Ω) – practical unit of resistance , named after the german physicist ,
George S. ohms (1787 – 1854)

Where;
R = Resistance
A = cross sectional area
P = resistivity
L = length
V = volume
  
Specific resistance or resistivity – the amount of change of resistance in a
material per unit change in temperature.
 Circular mil(CM) – area of circle having a diameter (d) of one mil.
remember: 1 inch = 1000 mil
1MCM = 1000 CM

Resistance Resistivity Length Area Volume

Ohm Ohm-m M Sq. m. Cu.m.
Ohm Ohm-cm Cm Sq.cm. Cu.m.
Ohm Ft. CM
Sample problem

 How many circular mils does a round copper rod of 0.25 inch diameter has?

 D = 0.25 in. x =250 mils

A = = = 62,500 CM
Sample problem

What
   is the size in square millimeter () is the cable of 250 MCM size?

 250 MCM -------- 250,000 CM

A= d=

D = 500 mils x x = 12.7 mm

A==
Sample problem

Determine the resistance of a bus bar of a copper if the length is 10 meters long
and the cross section is 4x4 cm. the resistivity is 1.724 µΩ-cm.

  10m x
L=
D= 1 in = 1000mils
A=
R = ohm
L = 10 in. x
R=

R = 1.078 x
Conductor Undergoing a Drawing Process

   the process , the waste of the material is assumed negligible (efficiency is

In
100 thus keeping the volume to be constant all throughout the process,
With the volume of the material constant, resistance varies directly as the
square of the length.

With the volume of the material constant, resistance varies inversely as to the
fourth power of the diameter.

Where;
Subscript 1: condition before the drawing process
Subscript 2: condition after the drawing process
Sample problem

A kilometer of wire having a diameter of 11. 7 mm and a resistance of 0.031 ohm

is drawn so that its diameter is 5.0mm. What does its resistance become?

  OR R2= R1

R2 = 0.031( = 0.93Ω
Effect of temperature in resistance

 Experiments
   have shown that the resistance of all wires generally used in practice
electrical systems, increases as the temperature increases.

(T2- T1)

at1 =
Where:
R1=initial resistance(ohm)
R2= final resistance (ohm)
T= interfered absolute temperature
T1= initial temperature
T2= final temperature
A= temperature coefficient of resistance
Temperature coefficient of resistance(a)

 Ohmic change per degree at some specified temperature

Material ρ(µ-Cm/ft.)
Silver 9.9 243 0.0038
Copper 10.37 234.5 0.00393
Aluminum 17 236 0.0039
Tungsten 33 202 0.0045
zinc 36 250 0.0037
Sample problem

 The
  resistance of the tertiary winding of a power transformer is o.125 ohm at
25 and the temperature coefficient of resistance at 25 is 0.00393. what is the
resistance at 65.

 R2 = R1 ( 1 + a)

R2 = 0.125[1 + 0.00393(65 – 25)] = 0.14465

Sample problem

  
The resistance of a transformer winding is 0.25 ohm at 25when operating at
full load , the temperature of the winding is 75. The temperature coefficient
of resistance of cooper at 0 is 4.27 x per degree centigrade. What is the
winding resistance at full load.

 A0 = OR T=

 T== 234.192

R2 = R1(

R2 = 0.25(
Insulation Resistance of Cable

   R =ln(

Where:
R = Insulation resistance of the cable(ohm)
P = resistivity of the insulating material(ohm-meter)
L = length of cable (meter)
R1 = radius of the conductor
r2= radius of the outer surface of the insulation
Sample problem

  
A certain wire has a conductor with a diameter of 0.5 in. and 0.15 inch thick
insulation wrapped around the conductor. If the specific resistance of the insulation
is known to be 1x ohm-cm, what is the insulation resistance of this wire?

  = 1000 ft. x
L
R1 = =
R2 = r1 + t = 0.25 + 0.15 = 0.45 inch

R = =ln(

R=Ω
Conductance

 Conductance
   – is a measure of a materials ability to conduct electric current. It is equal to the
reciprocal of the resistance.
 Siemens (formerly mho) – unit of conductance. Named after the German engineer , Ernst Werner von
Siemens (1816 – 1892).
G= =
Where:

L = length(meter)
A = cross-sectional area(square meter)
P = specific resistance(ohm-meter)
G = conductance(Siemens)
R = RESISTANCE(OHM)
Sample problem

The resistance of 120 meters of wire is 12 ohm. What is its conductance?

 G ==

G = 0.0833 MHO