Advanced ECLIPSE Course

Saturation Functions and Endpoint Scaling

 Purpose of Saturation Functions
Used to calculate the
Used to calculate fluid
initial saturation for
mobility to solve the
each phase in each
flow equations
cell
between cells and from
cell to well

Used to calculate the initial

transition zone saturation
of each phase
Purpose

• End-points and capillary data for initial fluid distribution

• Relative permeability data for calculating phase mobilities

• ECLIPSE has no facilities for calculating rock property data from

user-defined correlations. Should be done in office.
Saturation Function Keyword Families

 Family 1
 Kro entered in the same tables as Krw and Krg
 SWOF, SGOF, SLGOF

 Family 2
 Kro entered in separate tables versus oil saturation
 SWFN, SGFN, SGWFN, SOF3, SOF2, SOF32D

 Different keyword families cannot be mixed in the same run. Family

1 cannot be used in miscible flood option
 Keyword Families - Family 1
SWOF
--1 2 3 4
--Sw krw krow Pcow
0.2 0.00 0.90 4.0
0.3 0.05 0.75 2.0
0.4 1* 0.55 1.0
0.5 2* 0.5
0.6 3*
0.7 0.40 0.00 0.10 /
--column 1: increase monotonically down the column
--column 2: level or increase down the column
--column 3-4: level or decrease down the column
--default values (n*) for column 2-4 linearly interpolated
--’/’ is used to terminate each table
Keyword Families- Family 1

SGOF
--1 2 3 4
--Sg krg krog Pcog

SLGOF
--1 2 3 4
--Sl krg krog Pcog
-- Sl - liquid saturation
Keyword Families- Family 2

SWFN Note:
--1 2 3
--Sw krw Pcow In Gas/Water cases, only family 2 is used,
0.2 0.00 4.0 and:
0.3 0.05 2.0 Pcow=Pcgw in SWFN
0.4 1* 1.0 Pcog=0.0 in SGFN
0.5 1* 0.5
0.6 2*
0.7 0.40 0.10/
SGFN
--1 2 3
--Sg krg Pcog
Keyword Families - Family 2

SOF2
--1 2
--Sokro
--Kro - oil relative permeability in the presence of one other phase

SOF3
--three phase oil saturation function
--1 2 3
--Sokrow krog
--Krow-o/w relative permeability @connate gas saturation
--Krog-o/g relative permeability @connate water saturation
Keyword Families - Family 2

SOF32D
--three phase oil saturation data - two dimensional table
--The first line is a series of water saturation values
0.22 0.27 0.32 0.42 0.47 0.52 0.57 0.72 0.78 /
--Each successive row contains Sg followed by kro
--at the given Sg and corresponding Sw in the first row
--terminated by a forward slash
0.00 1.00 0.62 0.34 0.11 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.002 0.00/
0.05 0.55 0.34 0.21 0.078 0.047 0.021 0.004 0.000/
0.10 0.33 0.21 0.11 0.042 0.019 0.003 0.002 0.000/
0.20 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 /
0.30 0.02 0.01 0.001 0.001 0.000 /
0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 /
/
 Significant Saturation Endpoints

 SWL: connate water saturation  SGL: connate gas saturation

 SWCR: critical water saturation  SGCR: critical gas saturation
 SWU: maximum water saturation  SGU: maximum gas saturation
 SOWCR: critical oil-water saturation  SOGCR: critical oil-gas saturation

Oil Water Relative Permeability Gas Oil Relative Permeability

Krow

SWU Krog
Krg
Krw

SWCR
SOWCR SOGCR SGU
SWL (1 - Sw) SGL (1 - Sg)
+ +

SGCR
 Family 1 Example – SWOF, SGOF
These must be the same
SWL Must be SGOF
Must be zero
SWOF zero
--Sw Krw Krow Pcwo --Sg Krg Krog Pcgo
0.1510 0.0000 1.0000 400.00 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.00
0.2033 0.0001 0.9788 20.40 0.0400 0.0000 0.6000 0.20
0.3500 0.0002 0.8302 11.65 0.1000 0.0220 0.3300 0.50
0.4000 0.0695 0.1714 3.60
0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 1.00
0.4613 0.1049 0.0949 2.78
0.3000 0.2400 0.0200 1.50
0.5172 0.1430 0.0511 1.93
0.5731 0.1865 0.0246 1.07 0.4000 0.3400 0.0000 2.00
0.6010 0.2103 0.0161 0.83 0.5000 0.4200 0.0000 2.50
0.6569 0.2619 0.0059 0.66 0.6000 0.5000 0.0000 3.00
0.7128 0.3186 0.0015 0.38 0.7000 0.8125 0.0000 3.50
0.8811 0.4309 0.0000 0.16
0.8490 1.0000 0.0000 3.90 /
1.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.00 /

= 1 - SGL Must be zero Must be zero

SGU = 1 - SWL
 Family 2 Example – SWFN, SGFN, SOF3
Must be zero Must be zero
SWFN SGFN SOF3
--Sw Krw Pcow --Sg Krg Pcog --So Krow Krog
0.10 0.000 20.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.30 0.000 0.000
0.20 0.004 5.00 0.40 0.089 0.008
0.05 0.000 0.03
0.30 0.032 3.30 0.50 0.253 0.064
0.15 0.089 0.30
0.40 0.062 2.60 0.60 0.354 0.125
0.25 0.164 0.60
0.50 0.172 1.50 0.70 0.586 0.343
0.35 0.253 1.00
0.60 0.365 0.80 0.80 0.854 0.729
0.45 0.354 1.50
0.70 0.500 0.60 0.90 1.000 1.000
0.55 0.465 2.10
0.80 0.667 0.30 / Must be the same
0.90 0.833 0.10 0.65 0.586 2.80
SOILmax = 1 – SWL-SGL
1.00 1.000 0.00 0.75 0.716 3.60

/ 0.85 0.854 4.50

0.90 1.000 5.50
/
3 Phase Oil Relative Permeability
SWL 1-So-SWL So

 ECLIPSE default model is a

weighted sum:
Sg
S g krog   S w  SWL  krow GAS
kro 
S g  S w  SWL

S g  S w  SWL OIL

 Other options in ECLIPSE

S w  SWL
 Modified STONE 1 WATER S g  S w  SWL
 Modified STONE 2
1-So

Uses Krog table S g  S w  SWL  1  S o  SWL

Uses Krow table
Saturation Regions

In REGIONS section
 SATNUM - give each cell a number.
A region where all the cells have the same number uses the same saturation
function table
 Endpoint Scaling
 Purposes
 a small number of saturation functions with a generic form that applies to a number of
rock types
 different end points for different rock types
 EPS transforms the generic curves to those that suit rock types with different endpoints
 Types
 kr
 along x-axis
 along y - axis (vertical scaling)
 Pc
 along x-axis;
 vertical
 J-func
EPS for kr - Along x-axis

 The end points

 SWL / SGL- connate water/ gas saturation
 SWCR / SGCR - critical water / gas saturation
 SWU / SGU - maximum water / gas saturation
 SOWCR - critical oil with water saturation
 SOGCR - critical oil with gas saturation
Effect of Saturation Scaling

SWL SWCR SOCR SWCR SOCR

SWL
EPS for kr - Along x-axis

 Linear transformation:
Sus  S s Sut  S t
s
 t t
Su  Sl
s
Su  Sl
 s- scaled; t-tabular values
 u- maximum value; l - critical value

 Implementation Procedures:
 given Ss and the end points at a cell
 calculate St from the above equation
 look up saturation table using St
2- and 3-Point Saturation Scaling

2 pt
K ro w a t (1 -S W C R -S G L ) c h a n g e s

K rw a t (1 -S O W C R -S G L ) c h a n g e s

K r o w a t (1 -S W C R -S G L ) fix e d
3 pt
K r w a t (1 -S O W C R -S G L ) fix e d

U n s c a le d S c a le d
Endpoint Scaling - 2 Point

 Krw: SWCR & SWU

 Krg: SGCR & SGU
 Krow: SOWCR & (1-SWL-SGL)
 Krog: SOGCR & (1-SWL-SGL)
Endpoint Scaling - 3 Point

 Krw: SWCR, (1-SOWCR-SGL) & SWU

 Krg: SGCR, (1-SOGCR-SWL) & SGU
 Krow: SOWCR, (1-SWCR-SGL) & (1-SWL-SGL)
 Krog: SOGCR, (1-SGCR-SWL) & (1-SWL-SGL)

 In gas/water runs
 krw: SWCR, (1-SGCR) & SWU
 krg: SGCR, (1-SWCR) & SGU

 This can be interpreted as: In two phase run - preserving the values of Kr at both
ends of the 2-phase mobile region
Effect of SCALELIM

S C A L E L IM =
S W U -(1 -S O W C R )

k
Only for water phase
rw

In 2-phase runs or
Miscible flooding runs

S w
EPS for kr - Vertical Scaling

 Scaling the relative permeability at the maximum phase saturation:

Yend
Y Y t t

Yend
 t-tabular values
 end- end points
 Y - kr or pc

 Option - honor kr at critical saturation (SR): the scaling applies to the two
saturation intervals:
 S<SR
 S>SR
Effect of Vertical Scaling
KRW 1.00000  0.600 KRWR 0.41000  0.300
KRO 1.00000  0.800 KRORW 0.55230  0.450

KRO
KRW

KRORW
KRWR
EPS for kr - Vertical Scaling

 The end points

 KRW, KRG, KRO - kr at the maximum saturation
 KRWR, KRGR, KRORW, KRORG - kr at the critical/residual saturation at the
associated phase
e.g.
 Krw= KRW @sw=SWU
 kr= KRWR @sw=SR=1-SOWCR for w/o or g/o runs
 @sw=SR=1-SGCR for g/w runs
 krw=linear transformation @sw in between:
 krw=krw(table) KRWR/krw(table)@SR, if sw<SR
 krw=KRWR+(KRW-KRWR)/(krw@SWU-krw@SR)[krw(table)-krw@SR]; if
sw>SR
TWO POINT VERTICAL SCALING

THREE POINT VERTICAL SCALING

Capillary Pressure Scaling

 Vertical Pc scaling by a designated factor

Use the PCW, PCG keywords
 Horizontal Pc scaling
Use SWLPC, SGLPC
Post 98-a PCW(G), SW(G)LPC ~Depth:
ENPCVD, ENSPCVD
 The Leverett J Function
Use the JFUNC keyword in the GRID section to activate oil/water/gas J Function scaling
 Pressure dependence
Use STOW, STOG for IFT vs. pressure
Capillary Pressure Scaling using JFUNC
Activate EPS

In RUNSPEC section
ENDSCALE
--item 1 - options
‘NODIR’ - EPS is not directional
‘DIRECT’ - EPS is directional
--item 2 - options
‘IRREVERS’ - EPS is irreversible
‘REVERS’ - EPS is reversible
--‘IRREVERS’ option can only be specified if ‘DIRECT’ is specified
--item 3 - maximum number of ENPTVD tables
--item 4 - maximum number of nodes in any ENPTVD table
Define End Points (1)

 On a cell by cell basis or within boxes:

 e.g.
 SWL
 100* 0.12 50*0.15/
 A depth - endpoints table
 ENPTVD
 --Depth SWL SWCR SWU SGL SGCR SGU SOWCR SOGCR
 --at least two rows of data
 ENKRVD
 --Depth KRW KRG KRO KRWR KRGR KRORG KRORW
 --‘/’ terminates each table
 ENDNUM is used to define ENPTVD/ENKRVD regions
Define End Points (2)

 Switch for 2/3 point scaling:

 SCALECRS
 3-p: ‘YES’ /
 2-p (default) ‘NO’/
 Directional option requires X/Y/Z following the keyword: e.g. SWLX,
KRWX, ENPTVDX
 Irreversible option requires ‘X-/Y-/Z-’ following the keyword: e.g.
SGUX-, ENPTVDY-
 ENDPOINTS not defined will take the values from the saturation
function table
Consistency Requirements

 Sgmax <= 1-Swco: to prevent negative So

 Sgco <= 1-Swmax: to prevent negative So
 Somax = 1-Swco-Sgco
 Krow@Somax = Krog@Somax
 Krw(Sw=0)=Krg(Sg=0)=Krow(So=0)=Krog(So=0)=0
 otherwise, phase can be mobile even at zero saturation and
there is noting to stop saturations going negative
 Note:
SWU=Swmax, SGU=Sgmax, SWL=Swco, SGL=Sgco
Specialized Applications

 Quiescence ‘QUIESC’ in EQLOPTS

 Mobile fluid correction: ‘MOBILE’ in EQLOPTS
 Phase “freezing” using TZONE
 Well Pseudos and partial penetration using COMPRP
Level & Tilted Block Equilibration

L e v e l o r t ilte d b lo c k W a t e r s a t u r a t io n is c a lc u la t e d in 2 N s u b -
i= 1
e q u ilib r a t io n r e q u ir e c e lls d u r in g e q u ilib r a t io n .
i= 2
q u ie s c e n c e In le v e l b lo c k in te g r a t io n th e a v e r a g e is
R U N S P E C i= 3
used
E Q LO P TS
'Q U IE S C ' / In tilte d b lo c k in t e g r a t io n s u b - c e ll
s a t u r a tio n s a r e p o r e v o lu m e w e ig h te d .

Level :
2N
1
Sw 
2N
S
i 1
wi

TZ N 0
Tilted :
O W C 2N

1  PV S i wi

Sw  i 1
2N
2N
 PV
i 1
i

B lo c k c e n tr e e q u ilib r a tio n O W C T ilte d o r le v e l

i= 2 N -1
b lo c k N0
in te g r a tio n
i= 2 N O W C EQUIL(9)  N
Quiescence

P re s s u re
T o e n a b le q u ie s c e n c e :
R U N SPEC
P cow =Pw- EQ LO PTS
P o 'Q U IE S C ' /

P cow

R e v e rs e
lo o k u p o f P cow
c u rv e s to fin d
S w in T Z

TZ
O W C

C e n tre b lo c k S w i
FW L S w c o n s is te n t w ith
(P cow = 0 ) P cow L e v e l/tilte d b lo c k S w i s m a lle r a n d
In itlia lis a tio n is in c o n s is te n t w ith P c o w In itilis a tio n is n o t
S w i s ta b le . s ta b le a n d w a te r w ill flo w in to c e ll fr o m
b e lo w O W C
U s e E P S to re s c a le P c o w a n d s to p
w a te r fr o m flo o d in g in to c e ll.
D e p th
Mobile Fluid Correction
Mobile fluid correction requires
RUNSPEC
EQLOPTS
‘MOBILE’/

Depth

A B

Transition Zone

OWC

Water Zone C D

Sw = SWL Sw Sw = (1 – SOWCR)
Effect of TZONE
To activate water ‘freezing’ use TZONE
-oil water gas
F T F /
in the PROPS section

Behaviour with
TZONE

Sw
Swco Swcr
Matching Initial Water Saturation

ECLIPSE initial Sw Observed initial Sw

GOC
Above OWC
Sw=SWL Above OWC Sw
from sat fns varies smoothly.
Depth Depth Define Sw using
SWATINIT array in
PROPS section

TZ Top
Freeze water
level
Below OWC Below OWC
Sw=SWU Sw=SWU
from sat fns from sat fns
Partial Penetration
COMPRP/COMPVE

O n ly c le a n o il is p r o d u c e d d u e to
p a r tia l p e n e tr a tio n a n d o ff-c e n tr e
w e ll

O W C
S w >S W C R
Output Control

RPTPROPS
 Controls output from PROPS section -> PRT file
 Available mnemonics see E100 RM
 Pre-96a format with integer controls is still unable
INIT
 Saturation functions and PVT data is contained
 In the INIT file and can be loaded and displayed
 In GRAF
Output Control

FILLEPS
 99a: all saturation endpoints -> INIT file
 By default, the values for the grid cells
 Using unscaled tabular values are undefined
Output Control

 EPSDEBUG: controls debug for end-point scaling options

 write out the scaled curves for a set of cells defined
 output in tabular form (0)
 output as GRAF user data (1)

e.g:
EPSDEBUG
--IX1 IX2 IY1 IY2 IZ1 IZ2 SWITCH
4 4 5 5 1 3 0/