Part I - Selecting Drainage Strategy and Well Placement Design-1

Modern
Well Stimulation
Methods
Prof. Anatoly Zolotukhin
07.09.2013 1
Syllabus
 Selecting drainage strategy and well placement system (4 hours)

 Well completion design (6 hours)
– Well perforation
– Sand control
– Gravel pack
 Well stimulation methods (8 hours)
– Acid washing and matrix acidizing
– Hydraulic fracturing
– Horizontal drilling
– Multilaterals
 Well productivity estimating methods (6 hours)
– Productivity of a well with arbitrary trajectory
– Well interference
 Final test (exam, 2 hours)
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Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
07.09.2013 3
Literature
7.
8.
9.
10. F. Domanuyk, A. Zolotukhin Forecasting production rate of a straight well in

vertiocally-anizotropic reservoir. Journal “Oil Industry”, No. 5, 2011, pp. 92-95.
11. F. Domanuyk. Development of analytical methods of forecasting production rate

of horizontal well and wells with complex trajectory. MSc Thesis, Moscow,
Gubkin University, March 2012.
12. A. Zolotukhin, R. Risnes, I. Mishchenko. Performance of oil and gas wells.

Lecture notes. Stavanger University, Stavanger, 2007, 273 p.
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P art I
Section 1
Selecting drainage strategy

and
well placement system
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Syllabus
Module I. Well Placement and Completion Design (2 hrs, week 37)
1. Types of Wells Used in Petroleum Engineering

– Vertical, slanted, extended reach, horizontal and U-shaped wells
2. Well Pattern Systems
– Regular/irregular well pattern systems, selective systems, intensive
systems of a well placement
3. Positioning the Wells within the Reservoir
– Well placement in case of primary/secondary water drive, gas cap
drive, solution gas drive, gas flooding
4. Well Completion Design
– Standard (conventional) well completion design. Multiple-zone
producing wells.
– Water and gas coning. Production from oil rims.
– Dual / multiple completion design
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Selecting drainage strategy and well placement system
Natural drive m echanism s
Elastic Control Natural water drive Solution gas drive
GOR
p p
p
GOR GOR
Time Time Time

Gas cap drive Gravity drainage Compaction drive
p
p p
GOR GOR
GOR
Compaction
Time Time Time
07.09.2013 7
 Primary flooding (natural drive)

 Secondary flooding (waterflooding)
 Tertiary flooding (EOR)
Improved Oil Recovery (IOR)
IOR is a term embracing all methods resulting in

an increased oil recovery factor from a reservoir
as compared with the expected value at a certain
reference point in time
07.09.2013 8
Conventional IOR methods include:
 Water and/or gas injection

 Infill drilling
 Horizontal wells for drainage thin oil zones or remaining
pockets
 Long reach wells for drainage of oil in the outer flanks of
the reservoir
 Upgrading of treatment capacity for produced water and/or
gas
 Reduced wellhead pressure/artificial lift
 Change of completion strategy
07.09.2013 9
Section 2
Well pattern systems
9/7/2013
07.09.2013 Part I - Well placement and 10
completion design, WO-2008
Well placement systems
Direct Staggered Inverted

line drive line drive five-spot
Inverted Inverted Regular

seven-spot nine-spot three-spot
- injection well
- production well
- pattern boundary
- element of a pattern
07.09.2013 11
Positioning wells within a gas reservoir
a) b)
A A
A'
A'
Gas OWC
Water
Sealed-off gas reservoir; Gas reservoir with water zone;

natural gas drive natural gas + water drive
07.09.2013 12
Examples of irregular well pattern systems
Irregular inverted Peripheral waterflood

seven-spot pattern system
OWC
07.09.2013 13
Example of a well pattern for the

development of a naturally fractured oil field
Incorrect well Correct well

placement placement
OWC
Orientation of fractures
07.09.2013 14
Selecting drainage strategy and
well placement system
Basics of Fractional Flow theory
Most important
Most important parameters:
parameters:
k rw ( S w ) – relative phase permeability for water

k ro ( S w ) – relative phase permeability for oil
µw – viscosity of water
µo – viscosity of oil
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Using a sign
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Edaluating waterflooding
performance
07.09.2013 32
performance
07.09.2013 33
performance
07.09.2013 34
Water-oil system Relative Phase Permeabilities
1
k *o – end-point relative
* K_rw
permeability for oil k o
Rel phase permeability

K_ro
0.8
k *w – end-point relative
permeability for 0.6
water k *w
S wc – connate water 0.4
saturation
0.2
S o res – residual oil S wc S o res
saturation 0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water saturation
07.09.2013 35
Fractional Flow Function
λw ( S w ) k ri ( S w )
F (S w ) = λi ( S w ) = – [relative] mobility of i-th phase
λw ( S w ) + λo ( S w ) µi
Fraction Flow Function Fraction flow functions for a base

technology and EOR method
1.0 1.0
0.8 0.8
F(S_w)
F_2(S_w)
0.6 0.6
FFF
FFF
y(x)
0.4 0.4 y_2(x)
0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Water saturation Water saturation
07.09.2013 36
Fractional Flow Theory
Analytical solution available only for 1D case
k *w µo
M= ⋅ * – [end-point] mobility ratio for water-oil system
µw k o
Result of 1D modeling – displacement efficiency depends on
mobility ratio M
In real 3D case (only numerical simulation!) recovery factor

will depend on mobility ratio M and the interval distance L
07.09.2013 37
Fractional Flow Theory
Analytical solution for 3D case
RF = Edispl ⋅ Esweep
Edispl – displacement efficiency (RF in 1D case)
Esweep – sweep efficiency
3D stochastic reservoir simulation enables

evaluation of sweep efficiency
07.09.2013 38
SK ,
6 3
10 m /well
0.6
Specific recoverable Mean values for
off-shore fields
reserves versus
oil recovery 0.4
0.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ER
07.09.2013 39
Results of stochastic reservoir sim ulation
Comparison of the of
Comparison SPDC
the and FM-2
SPDC and models
FM-2 models
Dependency of sweep efficiency
(Mobility ratio range 0-100)
(Mobility ratio range
on the 0-10) distance
interwell
L=100 m
1.0 1.0 1.20 L=100 m
L=200 m
1.00 L=200 m
0.8
Sweep efficiency
Sweep efficiency
Sweep efficiency
0.8 L=300 mM=0,5

0.80 L=300 m
L=400 mM=1
0.6 0.6 L=400 m
0.60 L=500 mM=5
L=600 m
0.4 0.4 0.40 L=600 mM=10
S-w ater M=100
0.20 L=700 m
0.2 0.2 S-gas
S-w ater
0.00 AZ & Frick
0.0
0.0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700AZ & Frick
0 20 40 60 80 100
0 4 8 12 distance,
Interwell 16 m 20
Mobility ratio, Mo
Mobility ratio, Mo
07.09.2013 40
Dependency of Sweep efficiency on M and the interwell distance

0.90-1.00
1.0 0.80-0.90
0.9 0.70-0.80
0.8 0.60-0.70
0.7 0.50-0.60
0.6 0.40-0.50
0.5 0.30-0.40
0.4 0.20-0.30
0.3 0.10-0.20
0.2 0.00-0.10
0.1
0.0 L=70
0m
1 L=50
0,0 0m
M= M=
1 L=30
0m
10
M= L=10
40 0m
M=
07.09.2013 41
d
 M 
−b  
 M +1 
Esweep = L
Results of 3D stochastic reservoir simulation

enable analytical evaluation of recovery factor
07.09.2013 42
Factors affecting inflow

perform ance
 Reservoir heterogeneity
 Unfavorable (adverse) mobility ratio of the displaced (oil,
gas) and displacing (gas, water) fluids
 Gravity segregation resulting in gas overriding and/or water
underriding effects
– Water and gas coning are specific examples of
competing viscous and gravity forces
07.09.2013 43
Linear drive
(core flood simulation)
M=1 M=5
M=10 M=100
07.09.2013 44
Injector
5-spot
pattern system
M=1 M=5
Producer
M=10 M=100
07.09.2013 45
W aterflooding perform ance: 1 injector, 3 producers
N=0 points N=1500 points
Producers
Injector
N=3000 points Final Distribution
07.09.2013 46
Results of
Stochastic
Reservoir
Simulation
07.09.2013 47
Gas and water coning effects
Gas
Oil
Water
07.09.2013 48
Effect of wettability preference

Double-porosity m edium
Capillary imbibition is not considered Capillary imbibition included
Ref: Firoozabadi et al., 2001

07.09.2013 49
Effect of wettability preference

Oil recovery history
Ref: M. Karimi Fard and A. Firozaabadi, 2001
07.09.2013 50
Reservoir management: emerging technologies
Bacteria to increase recovery - MIOR
Reservoir physics
BACTERIA + OIL + N + P + O2
MOBILISED RESIDUAL ENHANCED SWEEP

OIL EFFICIENCY
07.09.2013 51
Reservoir management: emerging technologies
Effect of improved sweep efficiency
Example of stochastic reservoir simulation:
10-fold decrease in the mobility ratio
M=100 M=10
РГУ нефти и газа

им. И.М. Губкина
– water – oil – injection well – production well
07.09.2013 52
Section 3
Positioning the wells within

a reservoir
07.09.2013 53
Updip versus dow ndip gas injection
a) Downdip gas injection b) Updip gas injection
Gas Oil + gas

Position of gas-oil
displacing front at
different time steps
Oil + gas Gas a

re
p ta
swe
U n
Unswept area
07.09.2013 54
Updip versus dow ndip w ater injection
9/7/2013
07.09.2013 Part I - Well placement and 55
completion design, WO-2008
Positioning wells within an oil reservoir
a) b)
A A
A' A'
Oil OWC
Water
Sealed-off oil reservoir
with high angle of dip;
Oil reservoir with water zone; dissolved gas drive +
natural water drive gravity drainage
07.09.2013 56
Positioning wells within an oil reservoir with a gas cap
a) b)
A
A A' A'
GOC Gas
Gas GOC
Oil
OWC Oil
Water
Sealed-off oil reservoir Oil reservoir with a gas cap and water zone;
with a gas cap; gas cap drive. gas cap drive + natural water drive.
Structurally low completion Completion: lower part of structure,
closer to the OWC
07.09.2013 57
a)
b)
A A
A'
Positioning wells A'
within an oil/gas
reservoir
when secondary
flooding is applied
c)
a) - Oil/gas reservoir; A
secondary waterflooding
A'
b) - Oil reservoir with high angle of dip;
Updip water injection
c) - Oil reservoir with high angle of dip;

Downdip gas injection
07.09.2013 58
Evaluating field perform ance
To choose the best field development concept

a reservoir engineer has to evaluate the
following characteristics of field performance:
07.09.2013 59
 Incremental (annual) production of oil and gas

 Revenues based on price forecast
 Capital investments
 Total cost (operating cost, overhead, taxes, etc.)
 Discounted cash flow (NPV)
 Investment efficiency (present worth per dollar invested)
 Internal rate of return (IRR)
 Payout, i.e. time required for the income from the project
(discounted cash flow excluding investments) to recover
the investment
07.09.2013 60
Drilling, early
Production flowrate
production
Mature
production Declined production
Abandonment
Time
07.09.2013 61
Production flowrate
Time
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Ref: Jonas Odland, 1995
07.09.2013 64
“If a man will begin with certainties he

shall end in doubts, but if he will be
content to begin with doubts, he shall
end in certainties”
Francis Bacon, 1606
07.09.2013 65
Ex ercises for Part I
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Selecting drainage strategy and well placement
system
Solution to Ex ercise 1.1
07.09.2013 70
system
Solution to Ex ercise 1.1 (cont)
07.09.2013 71
system
Solution to Ex ercise 1.2
07.09.2013 72
Solution to Ex ercise 1.2 (cont)
Oil production forecast

(evaluation methods 1, 2)
16000
Production rate, Sm3/d
14000 Eval 2 (summation)

12000 Eval 1 (integration)
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15 20
Duration, years
07.09.2013 73
Thank you!
07.09.2013 74

Part I - Selecting Drainage Strategy and Well Placement Design-1

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Modern

Prof. Anatoly Zolotukhin

 Selecting drainage strategy and well placement system (4 hours)

10. F. Domanuyk, A. Zolotukhin Forecasting production rate of a straight well in

11. F. Domanuyk. Development of analytical methods of forecasting production rate

12. A. Zolotukhin, R. Risnes, I. Mishchenko. Performance of oil and gas wells.

Selecting drainage strategy

Module I. Well Placement and Completion Design (2 hrs, week 37)

1. Types of Wells Used in Petroleum Engineering

Elastic Control Natural water drive Solution gas drive

Time Time Time

Time Time Time

 Primary flooding (natural drive)

Improved Oil Recovery (IOR)

IOR is a term embracing all methods resulting in

Conventional IOR methods include:

 Water and/or gas injection

Well pattern systems

Direct Staggered Inverted

Inverted Inverted Regular

Sealed-off gas reservoir; Gas reservoir with water zone;

Irregular inverted Peripheral waterflood

Example of a well pattern for the

Incorrect well Correct well

Basics of Fractional Flow theory

k rw ( S w ) – relative phase permeability for water

Water-oil system Relative Phase Permeabilities

Rel phase permeability

Fraction Flow Function Fraction flow functions for a base

0.4 0.4 y_2(x)

Fractional Flow Theory

Analytical solution available only for 1D case

In real 3D case (only numerical simulation!) recovery factor

Analytical solution for 3D case

Edispl – displacement efficiency (RF in 1D case)

Esweep – sweep efficiency

3D stochastic reservoir simulation enables

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 ER

0.8 L=300 mM=0,5

Dependency of Sweep efficiency on M and the interwell distance

Results of stochastic reservoir sim ulation

Results of 3D stochastic reservoir simulation

Factors affecting inflow

N=0 points N=1500 points

N=3000 points Final Distribution

Gas and water coning effects

Effect of wettability preference

Ref: Firoozabadi et al., 2001

Effect of wettability preference

Ref: M. Karimi Fard and A. Firozaabadi, 2001

Bacteria to increase recovery - MIOR

MOBILISED RESIDUAL ENHANCED SWEEP

РГУ нефти и газа

Positioning the wells within

a) Downdip gas injection b) Updip gas injection

Gas Oil + gas

Oil + gas Gas a

Positioning wells within an oil reservoir with a gas cap

c) - Oil reservoir with high angle of dip;

Evaluating field perform ance

To choose the best field development concept

 Incremental (annual) production of oil and gas