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Topic 3
Topic 3
MEASUREMENT DEVICES
TOPIC 3
OSCILLOSCOPE AND SIGNAL GENERATOR
(06 : 00)
LEARNING OUTCOME
6
Main Basic Function Of Oscilloscope
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Familiar controls Low accuracy
Instantaneous display updating for Display flicker and/or dim display
real-time adjustments
Limited bandwidth
Higher cost of ownership
Limited measurement capability
Oscilloscope Probe
Retractable Hook Tip
Marker Ring
Adjustment Tool
IC Protector Tip
BNC Connector
Aligator Clip
(Ground Lead)
10
• Oscilloscope shows the potential difference between
the two terminals of the probe.
• The terminal ending with a hook probe is usually
connected to the node in the circuit whose voltage is of
interest.
• The other terminal is usually connected to the ground.
• The probes are attached to input channels of the
oscilloscope.
• Most oscilloscopes have at least two input channels and
each channel can display a waveform on the screen.
• Multiple channels are useful for comparing waveforms
Calibration Oscilloscope
Step to calibration process
1. Switch on the OSC
2. Put the probe to the INPUT
3. Touch the hook tip (probe) to the CAL and crocodile clip
(probe) to the GROUND
4. Make sure the selection MODE same with the input
5. Select VOLT/DIV same with the value at CAL
6. Select TIME/DIV : 0.5ms ----- it will get F = 1kHz
7. At Screen : the waveform appear is square wave
Connection for calibrate
oscilloscope
Check the shape of the displayed Waveform
Correctly Compensated
14
. • A poorly adjusted probe can make your
measurements less accurate.
• The figure shows what happens to measured
waveforms when using a probe not properly
compensated
Basic control functions of
analogue and digital oscilloscope
in measuring voltage, time and
phase angle
ANALOG Display Control Triggering Control
OSCILLOSCOPE
Vertical Control
Horizontal Control
DIGITAL
OSCILLOSCOPE Vertical Control Triggering Control
Vertical Control,
Horizontal Control
Trigger Control
• When using an oscilloscope, we need to adjust three basic
setting to accommodate an incoming signal:
– The attenuation or amplification of the signal
• Use volt/div control to adjust the amplitude of the signal
to desired measurement range.
– The time base
• Use time/div control to set the amount of the time per
division represented horizontally across the screen
– The triggering of the oscilloscope
• Use the trigger level to stabilize a repeating signal, or to
trigger on a signal event.
Display Control
• An oscilloscope’s front panel include a display screen
and the knobs, buttons, switches, and indicators used
to control signal display.
• As mentioned at the front of this section, front-panel
controls are usually divided into vertical, horizontal
and trigger section.
• Its also includes input connector.
Function of Display Controls
7) GND TERMINAL
• This is a grounding terminal
Vertical Control
• Vertical controls can be used to position and
scale the waveform vertically.
• Also can be used to set the input coupling and
other signal conditioning.
Control Knob/button involve in Display Vertical are:
1) CH1/CH2 INPUT CONNECTOR
2) VOLTS/DIV SELECTOR SWITCH
3) VERTICAL POSITION
4) AC-GND-DC SWITCH
5) ADD SWITCH
6) INVERT SWITCH
7) MODE SELECTOR SWITCH
8) MATH MENU
Function of Vertical Controls (both OSC)
3) VERTICAL POSITION
• Used to move the CH1 or CH2 trace up
or down on the CRT screen
Function of Vertical Controls (analog OSC)
4) AC-GND-DC SWITCH
• Select following input coupling options for CH1 and CH2
• AC: blocks dc signal component allowing only AC signal to
pass into attenuator
• GND: input signal is switch off and attenuator is grounded
• DC: dc coupling, all signal are directly connected to
attenuator
AC-GND-DC SWITCH
Function of Vertical Controls (analog OSC)
5) ADD SWITCH
• The scope displays the algebraic sum of the CH1 and CH2 traces.
6) INVERT SWITCH
• The polarity of the CH2 signal is inverted
8) MATH MENU
• Displays waveform
math operations menu
and can also be used
to toggle the math
waveform on and off.
Horizontal Control
• An oscilloscope’s horizontal system is most
closely associated with its acquisition of an
input signal (normally for digital oscilloscope)
– sample rate and record length are among
the considerations here.
• Horizontal controls are used to position and
scale the waveform horizontally.
Function of Display Horizontal Control
Control Knob/button involve in Display Vertical are:
1) TIME/DIV
2) HORIZONTAL POSITION
3) PULL x10 MAG
4) X-Y
Function of Horizontal Controls (analog OSC)
HORIZONTAL
1) TIME/DIV. POSITION
2) HORIZONTAL POSITION.
TIME/DIV
This control adjust the
position of the trace from left to
right
Function of Horizontal Controls (analog OSC)
2)EXT INPUT
• The input terminal for the external trigger signal
Function of Triggering Controls (analog OSC)
4) HOLDOFF CONTROL
• Allow triggering on certain complex signals by changing
the holdoff (dead) time of main sweep.
Function of Triggering Controls (digital OSC)
• LEVEL and USER SELECT. When you use an
Edge trigger, the primary function of the LEVEL
knob is to set the amplitude level the signal
must cross to cause an acquisition.
• SET TO 50%. The trigger level is set to the
vertical midpoint between the peaks of the
trigger signal.
• FORCE TRIG. Completes an acquisition
regardless of an adequate trigger signal. This
button has no effect if the acquisition is
already stopped.
• TRIG VIEW. Displays the trigger waveform in
place of the channel waveform while the TRIG
VIEW button is held down. You can use this to
see how the trigger settings affect the trigger
signal, such as trigger coupling
Connecting the Function Generator to the
Oscilloscope
• Peak voltage
– Is the voltage from the 0
reference line to the positive
peak of the voltage waveform.
– Therefore, the peak voltage is
exactly half of the peak-to-peak
voltage waveform.
• Voltage Root-mean-square
– The peak amplitude is equal
to approximately 1.414
times the root-mean-square
amplitude
– RMS is less than Peak
(Unit : V)
49
Example Amplitude Measurement
Vrms=0.707Vp Voltage Peak, Vp
(3div)
GND
Frequency & Time Measurement
• Time, T
– time measurements using the
T horizontal scale of the oscilloscope
– The time is measure for 1 cycle
signal and called its Time period, T
– We can count 1 cycle from zero up to
positive cycle to negative cycle until
to the crosssection at zero volt.
one cycle
– Another method to count 1 cycle is
from left peak to the right peak.
• Frequency, f
– Osc can measure frequency through
measuring time.
– the frequency is given by the
reciprocal of Time period , 1/T
T
one cycle
(Unit : Hz)
(Unit : s)
52
Example Time Period
Calculate the time period of the sinusoidal signal in
Figure 3.16 if the oscilloscope time/div. is set to 10ms/div.
Solution: (4div)
Phase Measurement
• Two method to measure Phase Different/Phase Angle/phase
shift by using:
2 Signal in Dual Mode Lissajous Pattern in XY mode
(Unit : radians)
55
Example 1 Phase Measurement
• calculate the phase shift, if the oscilloscope
setting is Volt/Div : 100mV/Div, Time/Div :
0.5ms/Div
∆𝑡 0
𝜃= × 360
𝑇
2 0 0
𝜃= ×360 =102.86
2 Div 7
7 Div
Phase Different in XY Mode
(Lissajous figure)
A B
DC Offset
Group Amplitude Modulation Group Output Group
• A function generator produces different waveforms
[produce alternating current (ac) ] of adjustable
frequency.
• The common output waveforms are the sine, square,
triangular and saw tooth waves.
• Used to test and align all circuits.
• They are also used to troubleshoot various electronic
devices and to measure frequency.
Function Button Group
1. Power Switch
• The power switch applies power to the
function generator.
2. Power On Indicator
• A light emitting diode (LED) is used to
indicate when power is applied to the
function generator.
3. Frequency selection Group
– Consist of :
• Frequency range (3)
– To set the frequency required
– (1, 10, 100, 1K, 10K, 100K, 1M Hz)
5. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular or triangle
6. DC Offset Group
– Consist of :
• Offset ADJ (8)
– A DC Offset control is provided to allow the DC level of the
output waveform to be set as desire.
• Duty control (6)
– To symmetry of the output waveforms
7. Waveform Group
– Consist of :
• Waveform Selector (4)
– To choose type of waveforms
– Either sine wave, rectangular wave or triangle wave
8. Output Group
– Consist of :
• Output 50Ω (11)
– Squarewave, trianglewave, sinewave, ramp and pulse
waveform is provided . Used BNC connectors.
Volt/Div : 2V/Div
Time/Div : 0.5ms/div
3.8
3.8