STEEL CONNECTION

STEEL DESIGN

DELOS SANTOS | ENERIA | MATRO | PINAT | SANTOS

INTRODUCTION OF STEEL CONNECTION

• Connection are structural elements used for

joining different members of structural steel frame
work

• Steel Structure is an assemblage of different

member such as “beam, column” which are
connected to one other, usually at member ends
fasteners, so that it shows a single composite unit
COMPONENTS OF A CONNECTIONS

BOLT WELD

CONNECTING PLATE CONNECTING ANGLE

CLASSIFICATION OF A CONNECTIONS

• On the basis of connecting medium.

• According of the type of internal forces.

• According to the type of Structural Elements.

• According to the type of Members Joining.

ON THE BASIS OF CONNECTING MEDIUM

RIVETED CONNECTION
• A riveted joint is easily conceived between two plates overlapping at
edges, making holes through thickness of both, passing the stem of
rivet through holes and creating the head at the end of the stem on the
other side.

BOLTED CONNECTION

• A connection between structural members made with plates and bolts,

as opposed to a riveted or welded construction.
 WELDED CONNECTION
• are connections whose components are joined together primarily by welds.
Welds can be classified according to: ... Although fillet welds are generally
weaker than groove welds, they are used more often because they allow for
larger tolerances during erection than groove welds.

BOLT-WELDED CONNECTION
• Modern steel structures are connected using welds or bolts. Bolting
with high-strength bolts has largely replaced riveting. Welded
connections have several advantages over bolted connections.
RIVETED CONNECTIONS

•Used for very long time.

•Made up of: Round Ductile steel

bar called shank. A head at one end
The length of the rivet should
sufficient to form the second head.

•Design - very similar to bearing

type of bolted connection.
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

•Fastened together primarily bolts

•Bolts may loaded in:
• Shear
• Tension
• Both Shear and Tension

•Thread of Bolts under shear force;

• Excluded - Increased Strength

• Included - Decreased Strength

TYPES OF BOLTS

Bearing type bolts High strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)

THE MOST COMMON TYPE IS BEARING BOLTS IN
CLEARANCE HOLES, OFTEN REFERRED TO AS;
1. Black bolts

•Ordinary, unfinished, rough, or common bolts.

•Least expensive
•Primarily – Light structures under static load such as
small trusses, purlins etc.
2. Turned Bolts
•Similar to unfinished bolts.
•Shanks – Hexagonal rods
•Primarily – Light structures under static load such as small
trusses, purlins etc.
•Expensive – Limited use – Structures with no Slippage
Connections
3. Ribbed Bolts
•Round head similar to Rivets.
•Raised ribs parallel to the shank.
•Actual Diameter – slightly Larger than the hole
•Tightly fit into the hole.
•Popular – Economical in Material & Installation

HIGH STRENGTH FRICTION GRIP (HSFG)

•Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear

•High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the plates to be bolted together
so that contact pressure developed between the plates being joined.
•Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied.
•Higher Shear Resistance.
ADVANATAGES
•Uses when bearing type bolts slips under shear
•High strength bolts (8G or 10K grade) Pre-tensioned against the plates to be bolted together so that
contact pressure developed between the plates being joined.
•Prevents relative slip when extra shear is applied.
•Higher Shear Resistance.

DISADVANATAGES

• If subjected to vibratory loads, results in reduction in strength get loosened.

• Unfinished bolts have lesser strength because of non-uniform diameter
WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Whose components are joined together primarily by welds.

Welding Notations were developed by American Welding Society (AWS)

TYPES OF WELD
Groove (More reliable than others)
 Fillet (Mostly used, Weaker than groove and others)
 Plug (Expensive – poor transmission of tensile forces)
 Slot (Expensive – poor transmission of tensile forces)
 Plug and Slot welds – stitch different parts of members together
POSITIONS OF THE WELDS

•Horizontal
•Vertical
•Overhead
•Flat

•Butt Joint
•Lap Joint
•Corner Joint
•Edge Joint
•Tee Joint
ADVANTAGES
• Economical – Cost of materials and labors.
• Efficiency is 100% as compared to rivets (75-90%)
• Fabrication of Complex Structures – Easy – like – Circular Steel pipes.
• Provides Rigid Joints – Modern Practice is of Rigid Joints.

DISADVANTAGES

• No provision for expansion or contraction therefore greater chances of cracking.

• Uneven heating and cooling – member may distort – may result in additional stresses.
• Inspection is difficult and more costlier than rivets
BOLTED-WELDED CONNECTION

• Most connections are shop welded and field bolted types.

• More Cost Effective
• Better Strength & Ductility characteristics- Fully welded.

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF INTERNAL

Moment (rigid) connections

Shear (semi, rigid, simple) connection
SHEAR (SEMI RIGID, SIMPLE) CONNECTIONS
• Allows the beam end to rotate without a significant restraint.
• Transfers shear out of beam

Most common type;

Double clip Fin Plate

Shear End Plate

MOMENT (RIGID) CONNECTIONS

• Designed to resist Moment and Shear.

• Often referred – rigid or fully restrained connections
> Provide full continuity between the connected members.
> Designed to carry the full factored moments.
• Principal Reason – building has to resist the effect of lateral forces such as wind and earthquake.

Bolted splice Moment Connection Field Bolted Moment Connection

ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

• Single plate angle connections

• Double web angle connections
• Top and seated angle connections
• Seated beam connections
TWO STEP PROCESS

•A plate is welded to Secondary section (beam) •Two angles welded or shop welded to the web of
•An angle is welded to Primary Section (column a secondary beam.
or beam)
•After erection the angles are bolted or site welded
•Single shear plate welded to Secondary beam
to the primary member (beam or column).
and bolted to Primary beam or column.
•Beam to Beam Connections. •Generally used in case of shear connections.

•Column to Column Connections (column splices)
•Beam to Column Connections
•Column Base Plate Connection
•A seating angle – at bottom of secondary beam
-shop welded to the primary member.
•Seating angle resists vertical shear coming from the beam.

•Generally used in case of moment connections.

•Two angles are provided at top and bottom of the
beam to resist moment.
•Generally used for lesser moments where heavy
loads are not acting
 TWO TYPES OF BEAM TO BEAM CONNECTIONS
PRIMARILY TO SECONDARY

BEAM CONNECTION BEAM SPLICE

A beam splice (or a non-bearing column splice) resists the coexisting design moment, axial force and shear in
the beam by a combination of tension and compression forces in the flange cover plates and shear, bending
and axial force in the web cover plates.
COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS (COLUMN SPLICES)

• Connects column to column

• Column splice comes underway this category
• Used to connect column sections of different
sizes
• Splices- designed for both moment and shear
unless untended to utilize
• the splices as internal hinges.
 BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS

• Connects beam to column

• Very common
A wide range of different types are used
• Fin plates
• End plates
• Web or flange cleats
• Hunched connections
• Beams are normally attached using two or
more bolts through the web.
 END PLATE CONNECTIONS

• Single plate welded to the end of the beams

• Bolted to the column flange or web – two or
bolts pair..

Fin plate connections are a popular form of pinned steel connections and are commonly used for
secondary beams in steel structures. They can be easily used in beam structures arranged on the top
edge, e.g. working platforms. Manufacturing expenditures in the workshop as well as the assembly
costs on-site are normally manageable
 FIN PLATE CONNECTION

• Single plate welded to the column.

• Beams are normally attached using two or
more bolts through the web.

Steel sections are contrived and shipped to some standard lengths, as governed by rolling, transportation and
handling restrictions. Most of the structural steel members used in constructions have to span great lengths and
encircle large three-dimensional spaces. Hence connections are essential to amalgamate such spatial erections from
one and two-dimensional elements to bring about the stability of structures under different loads. Thus, links are
essential to creating an integral steel structure using separate linear and two-dimensional (plate) elements.
COLUMN BASE PLATE CONNECTIONS

• Steel plates placed at the bottom of columns

• Function – to transmit column loads to the
concrete pedestal.
• The design of a column base plate:
-Determining size of the plate.
-Determining the thickness of the plate.
 • A layer of grout should be placed between the
base plate and its support for the purpose of
leveling
.
• Anchor bolts should be provided during erection
or to prevent uplift.

• Usually cost fabrication and erection

constitute as high as 50% of the total cost of
steel structure, per tons of material used.