Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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WHAT ARE TEACHING-
LEARNING MATERIALS?
Materials to teach listening & speaking skills
learner-
teacher-written generated
materials – materials – maps, charts,
teacher’s own graphic etc.
writing material organisers, mind
Materials to teach listening & speaking skills
(cont…)
Authentic
teaching purposes
materials - not interviews, maps,
e.g. newspaper
written or spoken travel brochure, etc.
articles, songs, radio
for language
Social media –
Online resources – facilitates
videos, video songs, websites communication &
children’s sharing of
information
learning materials
online
Before a material is used
in a classroom, teachers
need to evaluate the
Teachers have to adapt suitability of the material
the materials they are so that there is no
using to make it more mismatch between what
effective and interesting is needed and what is
for the students. provided by checking the
criteria for material
selection of listening and
speaking materials.
Aims &
Approaches
Checklist
Skills &
Language
Recorded
Content
Materials
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Checklist for Material Selection of
Listening & Speaking Materials
Aims and
approaches
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CHECKLIST FOR MATERIAL SELECTION OF
LISTENING & SPEAKING MATERIALS
Design and
organisation
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CHECKLIST FOR MATERIAL SELECTION OF
LISTENING & SPEAKING MATERIALS
Language Content
Is there adequate
Are tape scripts
guidance as to how to
provided?
conduct the activity?
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Other Considerations
Materials should be:
• cost-effective
• convenient to use
• meant for target audience
• suited to target age levels
• suited to different language proficiency levels
• appropriately organised
• localised (local contents)
• practical or easily available
• interesting or motivating
Adaptation (Definition)
“Employing a number of techniques: supplementing,
editing, expanding, personalising, simplifying/adjusting
language level (adjust upwards or downwards),
modernizing, localising or modifying cultural/situational
content”.
(Madsen and Bowen,1978)
Authentic materials are produced in response to real life communicative needs rather
than an imitation of real life communicative needs.
Non-authentic materials are materials that are specifically produced for pedagogical
purposes.
It is highly recommended that teachers expose authentic materials to the pupils as they
will encounter these materials in the real world.
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Materials for Listening & Speaking
Printed materials Recorded materials
■ blogs ■ news
■ songs
■ books
■ movie trailers
■ notices
■ weather report
■ calendars ■ documentaries
■ brochures ■ nursery rhymes
■ story books ■ advertisements
■ announcements
■ online articles
■ excerpts from TV shows /
■ advertisements movies
■ announcements ■ conversation: face-to-face,
telephone
■ newspaper articles
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Principles of Materials Adaptation
for Listening and Speaking
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Factors to bear in mind when
adapting materials…
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Levels of Material Adaptation
Macro Adaptation
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Levels of Adaptation
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Levels of Adaptation
Specific adaptation:
Omission - leave out things
deemed inappropriate,
offensive and unproductive for
the group.
Addition - when there is
inadequate coverage, texts or
When a teacher finds an exercise material are added.
activity valuable but not Reduction - shorten an
Adaptation of Specific feasible for a particular class.
Activities activity to give it less weight
If the teacher decides not to or emphasis.
give it up, she needs to adapt
it. Extension - lengthen an
activity to give it an additional
dimension.
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Levels of Adaptation
• Extension - lengthen an activity to give it an additional dimension (a
vocabulary activity is added to draw attention to a particular sentence
pattern)
• Rewriting/Modification - rewrite material (esp. exercise material) to
make it more appropriate, communicative, challenging, accessible to
students.
• Replacement - replace inadequate material to make it more suitable
• Re-ordering - change the order if not suitable.
• Branching - add options to the existing activity or suggest alternative
pathways.
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References
■ Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing Your Coursebook. Oxford: Heinemann.
■ Grant, N. (1987). Making the Most of Your Textbook. Essex:Longman.
■ Harmer, J. (2007). The Practice of English Language Teaching. England:
Pearson Education.
■ Madsen, S.H. & Bowen, J.D. (1978). Adaptation in Language Teaching.
Massachusetts: Newbury House.
■ McGrath, I. (2002) Materials Evaluation and Design for Language Teaching.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh Uni. Press.
■ Tomlinson, B. (2011). Materials Development in Language Teaching.
Cambridge: CUP
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