PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT

PAUL CHRISTIAN REFORSADO ABAD

PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT

 Is the logical arrangement of ideas.

 Helps you follow ideas easily and understand a text
better.
 Helps you distinguish major details from minor ones
and predict ideas.
Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks
people to share personal information through the use of
technology. The ‘social’ component in this scheme means that
there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on the
gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social
engineering also refers to various malicious acts online such as
phishing, spamming, and pretexting.
DEFINITION

 Helps to clarify and explain concepts by answering

the question “What does it mean?”
 Explains the information through the use of
illustrations, examples, and descriptions.
DEFINITION

Signal Words for Definition

is defined as means to define
as defined refers to to illustrate
While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has
its downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act
of obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit
card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is
a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case
of Mr. X. He received an email stating that his Gmail account
has been compromised and that he needed to click a link to
update personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his
personal information will be illegally acquired by
cybercriminals.
EXEMPLIFICATION

 Presents the general statement and then provides

specific and concrete examples to expound the main
idea.
 Is used to provide an example of something.
EXEMPLIFICATION

Signal Words for Exemplification

after all namely
as an example put another way
consider the following specifically
for example stated differently
for instance that is
in other words to be specific
in particular to clarify
in short to illustrate
A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a
lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen,
touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of
a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen which is
responsible for displaying information. Another major component is the
keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near
the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a
desktop computer mouse-this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this
rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button.
Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the
speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of
the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally,
a laptop also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and
serves as the source of electric power when it is plugged in.
DESCRIPTION (SENSORY AND SPATIAL)

 Provides details on the idea by using either a sensory

or spatial pattern.
 Through a sensory pattern, ideas are arranged based
on one or all of the five senses.
 A spatial pattern arranges ideas by location or
physical space.
DESCRIPTION (SENSORY AND SPATIAL)

Signal Words for Spatial Pattern or Visual Description

above around between in front of onto
across away from beyond inside opposite to
adjacent to back of by into outside
against behind down near over
along below farther off throughout
alongside beneath here on to the right
amidst beside in on top of under
Ondoy began to develop from an active low pressure area to a
tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day,
PAGASA raised storm signals all over the Philippine
archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in
Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning,
reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, President
Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
Immediately after President Arroyo's declaration, various
government agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As
soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more
relief and rescue operations were conducted.
During flooding, one thing that may probably save your life is
an improvised flotation device. You can make one using your
pants. First, knot off the leg holes of your pants. Then, hold the
open waist and swing the pants around to fill the legs with air.
Promptly knot off the waist to trap the air and hold the pants
underwater so that the air would not escape.
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

 Organizes ideas or events according to time.

 Can either be in the form of a narration or a process.
 A narration sequences events in the order in which
they occurred in time.
 A process organizes details based on stages or steps.
CHRONOLOGY/PROCEDURE

Signal Words for Chronology

about before in the prior to tomorrow
after during meantime second until
afterwards eventually soon when
as soon as finally later then yesterday
at first meanwhile till
immediatel next today
at this/that y next week
point presently
Picking the right career is such a daunting task because it pits passion against reality.
Would you choose the profession you love or would you choose a more lucrative
profession? Some find a hard time choosing at first, so do not be surprised if you see
people shift careers several times before they achieve success. on this note, here are
some tips to help you choose the right career. Identify your interest. Are you
fascinated. with numbers, arts, sciences, human behavior, computer technology, or
teaching? Try to process as well your reason for choosing a particular career; you can
also factor in the financial component during this stage. Another thing that you can do
is to focus on and learn everything about your chosen career. If you want to be a
doctor, know exactly what a doctor does and check whether you can handle this type
of profession. In addition, try to visualize yourself five or ten years from now, and
develop a plan to achieve the goal in your mind. Remember not to rely on luck when
it comes to your career; instead, make reasoned decisions based on what you want.
LISTING

 Organizes ideas using enumeration.

 It presents a series of items (facts, examples, features,
reasons, and tips) that support a main idea.
LISTING

Signal Words for Listing

additionally and then further likewise
again another furthermore moreover
along with as well in addition next
also besides together with
and in the same
equally way
important
Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review
will inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of
two giant companies: Apple's iPhone 6 and Samsung's Galaxy S5. Both
brag to be the best smart phones in the market to date. While these state-of-
the art phones have similarities in the form of their sleek design multi-touch
touch screen, and multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as
well. First, Galaxy S5 has a larger screen at 5.1 inches as compared to
iPhone 6's 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x)
while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a 2.1-
megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone's 1.2
megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone's battery is not user-replaceable and has a
shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6
outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic differences of the two
phones, you can decide!
COMPARISON-CONTRAST

 Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people,

things, and concepts are similar to or different from one
another.
 There are two ways on how ideas can be arranged:
 Separately, which involves describing one item first
followed by the second item;
 Or side-by-side, which means discussing both items
based on each point of comparison.
COMPARISON

Signal Words for Comparing

also equally in the same similarly
as way to compare
both in a similar
fashion like
likewise
in comparison
CONTRAST

Signal Words for Contrasting

although despite instead otherwise
and yet even so however still
as opposed to even though nevertheless
but in contrast nonetheless the fact
conversely in spite of remains
counter to on the contrary
in the unlike
meantime on the other whereas
hand yet
Earthquakes can be classified into three main types based on
the plate movements. The first type is known as a convergent
boundary. Also known as destructive plate boundary, this type
of earthquake happens when two tectonic plates move toward
one another and collide. The second type of earthquake is
called the divergent boundary. During this type of earthquake,
two plates are forced to move away from each other resulting
in a rift zone. The last type is called the conservative plate
boundary or transform fault. During this type of earthquake,
two tectonic plates slide past one another.
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

 Organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on

criteria and standards.
 Can be used when classifying people, objects, events,
things, places, and other items
CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION

Signal Words for Classification and Division

another classified as one kind the last group
another kind final type the next part
the first
category
The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in
modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know,
globalization has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a
catalyst to worldwide trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign
products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the
merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization affected the financial
market. As a result, different countries had more access to funds, and the
exchange in national currencies dramatically increased. Finally,
globalization also led, to the privatization of various facilities, such as
public health institution. These institutions were being privatized due to the
idea that the private sector can better manage and. provide health services.
In consequence, health policies become more and more of a commodity on
a global scale.
CAUSE AND EFFECT

 Organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and

the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon.
 May discuss both the causes and effects, the causes
only, or the effects only.
 CAUSE

Signal Words for Causes

as for in view of (the owing to (the
fact) fact)
because (of the for the reason
fact) that inasmuch as seeing that
one reason since
being that in that

due to (the fact

that)
EFFECT

Signal Words for Effects

accordingly consequently in consequence so that
so therefore
as a for this reason thus
consequence so much (so)
Hence that
as a result (of
this)

because (of
this)
Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil, and
natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an
alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and
factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through
the use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First, using
alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would-lessen
pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and cost-efficient.
Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be
mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second. solution that
governments can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this,
governments need to make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as
well as ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed.to
mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

 Organizes ideas into problems and proposed

solutions.
 The problem section usually includes the what, who,
when, where, why, and how of the problem.
 The other part then presents the major effects of the
problem and the possible solutions to address it, as
well as the steps in implementing the solution.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION

Signal Words for Problem-Solution

but nonetheless one solution is the problem
first, second one way is the solution
one reason for
the
Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end a
person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave illness.
While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical medical
practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a
life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that have
legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is
unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of "primum non
nocore" which means “first, do no harm." In their code of ethics, doctors have the
responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can
never be acceptable.
PERSUASION

 Organizes idea to show how a set of evidence leads to

a logical conclusion or argument.
 Presents the issue, the position, and the supporting
evidence that supports the position.
EMPHASIZING A POINT

Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

again in that case to emphasize truly
for this reason Indeed to repeat
in fact with this in
mind
CONCLUDING AND SUMMARIZING

Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing

accordingly consequently in brief inevitably
all in all due to in conclusion on the whole
as a result finally in short since
as I have said in any event in summary in essence
in a nutshell Therefore Thus to sum up
CONCEDING A POINT

Signal Words for Conceding a point

admittedly it is true that obviously true
assuredly of course undoubtedly
certainly needless to say to be sure unquestionably
granted
no doubt
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Pursuing terrorists and pursuing peace
Author/s:
Randy David
Source:
http://opinion.inquirer.net/82382/pursuing-terrorists-
and-pursuing-peace
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Mamasapano Clash
Author/s:
Carmela Fonbuena, Bea Cupin and Glenda M. Gloria
Source:
http://www.rappler.com/nation/82827-timeline-
mamasapano-clash
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
Mac vs PC
Author/s:
N/A
Source:
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Mac_vs_PC
READ THE ARTICLES FROM THE GIVEN LINKS
CAREFULLY. THEN, IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA AND
THE DOMINATING PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN
EACH ARTICLE.

Title:
5 Types of Workers in the New World of Work
Author/s:
WorkIntelligent.ly Staff
Source:
http://www.workintelligent.ly/workstyle/demographics/types
-of-workers-
workforce/#gs.8cf1ff24b3694c878a680e787f314781
MATCH THE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT IN COLUMN A TO THE
TRANSITIONAL DEVICE IN COLUMN B. WRITE ONLY THE
LETTER OF YOUR CHOICE ON THE SPACE PROVIDED.

A B
1. cause and effect A. arguably
2. spatial B. as defined
3. chronology C. away from
4. classification D. by
5. comparison E. consequently
6. contrast F. even though
7. definition G. in a similar fashion
8. persuasion H. meanwhile
9. problem-solution I. the next category
10. exemplification J. to illustrate
READ THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS VERY CAREFULLY.
CHOOSE ONE PATTERN FROM THE BOX THAT BEST MATCHES
THE THESIS STATEMENT. YOU MAY CHOOSE A PATTERN MORE
THAN ONCE.

1. Although Instagram and Twitter have significant similarities, they

also have striking differences.
2. Freedom is a concept that needs to be understood.
3. Juvenile delinquency is a social issue that requires urgent
attention.
4. In the field of law, there are several subspecialties which you can
focus on.
5. Major events happened that led to the defeat of Japan during
World War II.
cause-and-effect description definition
persuasion classification/division comparison and contrast
narration/time order problem-solution exemplification/classification
READ THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS VERY CAREFULLY.
CHOOSE ONE PATTERN FROM THE BOX THAT BEST MATCHES
THE THESIS STATEMENT. YOU MAY CHOOSE A PATTERN MORE
THAN ONCE.

6. Teeth bleaching can be done in five simple steps.

7. All provincial buses should not be allowed to pass through
EDSA.
8. IPhone 6 has many features that make it stand out in the
market.
9. There are many reasons why unemployment continues to
increase.
10.Drinking cough syrup lead to various side effects.
cause-and-effect description definition
persuasion classification/division comparison and contrast
narration/time order problem-solution exemplification/classification
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Main Idea Pattern of Development Signal Words

IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Drinking alcohol can sometimes be tolerated if done in

moderation. However, letting it take over our lives is another
story. Many teenagers are not aware of the dire consequences of
drinking too much alcohol. First, drinking too much alcohol can
damage our heart. Doctors claim that while drinking alcohol
occasionally is good for the heart, if it is taken excessively the
drinker may suffer from an irregular heartbeat, stroke,
cardiomyopathy, and high blood pressure. Being alcoholic will
also take a toll on our liver and can lead to a variety of diseases
such as fibrosis, hepatitis, and fatty liver. Finally, drinking
alcohol can weaken our immune system and make our body
more vulnerable to various diseases. It also weakens our body’s
ability to ward off infections.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

The annual salary report from jobstreet.com determines the top

earners in the Philippines in 2013. The numbers are based on the
average salary recorded for each industry. For fresh graduates, the
best-paying jobs are in the fields of legal services, corporate
strategy, secretarial services, education, and real estate. For those
with one to four years of experience, the top salaries are from oil
and gas engineering, aircraft maintenance, information technology,
and instrumentation. As you approach the supervisory level, the
best-paying jobs are found in the following industries: information
technology, engineering, database administration, technical support,
and actuarial science. Finally, as you reach the senior management
position, the most lucrative professions are in quality control,
logistics, information technology, pharmacy, and legal services.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

In their book, Wilbert McKeachie and Marilla Svinicki described

four types of challenging students. The first type is the attention-
seeking, discussion-dominating students. The aim of these
students is just to be heard. The second type is the inattentive
students. These are the students who doodle and drift into their
own thoughts during class discussion. They often stare at their
cell phones and chat with their classmates during lecture. We
also have the unprepared students. They are the ones who skip
doing their assignments prior to the class. They do not come to
the class equipped, even when they are aware of scheduled
quizzes and exams. The last type of challenging students is the
uncivil and disrespectful ones. They are the students who display
rude behavior.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Discriminating parents always have to make the difficult task of choosing

between a public and private school for their children. These two schools
share the same goal of educating students and developing them holistically.
Aside from this, they are open for anyone who wishes to apply for
admission. There is no remarkable difference as well in terms of the
academic performance of students. However, public and private schools
vary in some ways. While public schools are funded by the government,
private schools get their funding from tuition, endowments, and donations
of private corporations. The class size is different as well since public
schools generally have a larger number of students per room. They also
differ as to who dictates the schedule and school calendar. In private
schools, it is the school board that decides while in public schools, it is the
government education agency. Choosing between private and public
schools is a challenging task, but what parents should really consider is the
performance of an individual school and not its category.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Spams refers to inappropriate and irrelevant messages

indiscriminately sent to numerous recipients via the
internet. They are considered as junk mails, and most
contain malwares and links used for phishing. There
are two types of spam based on the source. The first
one is the unsolicited bulk e-mail which is sent in large
quantities. The second type is unsolicited commercial
e-mail which is sent to promote something, usually
without the receiver agreeing to receive these types of
advertisements. The first spam was sent by Gary
Thuerk in 1978 to 600 recipients.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

To protect your computer from being attacked by a virus, you

need to install a reliable anti-virus software. To do this, first
click the “Install Now” button. After you click this button, wait
for the required files to be downloaded completely. Wait for the
“Welcome to the InstallShield Wizard” window to open. Then
click the “Next” button. Read and accept the license agreement
and click the “Next” button. Continue to click the “Next”
button until you see the “Install” button. Once it appears, click
the “Install” button and wait for a few minutes as the
installation is completed. Once the technical support
information appears, read it and then click the “Next” button.
Click the “Finish” button. The installation is complete.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Technological innovations can be a great help to students, but

they can also be used for hi-tech cheating. The latter practice is
now running rampant that it has become an epidemic: more and
more students nowadays use information technology to breach
rules on academic honesty without them being aware of the
violations. To put a stop to this, some suggestions are listed in
the succeeding sentences. First, schools can create policies
banning the use of phones during examinations. They can also
create programs that will develop students’ information literacy
skills. To ensure that plagiarism is minimized at the very least,
teachers can instruct their students to subject their work to
online plagiarism trackers before submitting them.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

Traffic, traffic, traffic: this is what we always face in Metro

Manila. As a solution to this problem, one government
agency suggested that jeepneys be banned in the Metro. I
strongly oppose this suggestion for two reasons. To start,
the Philippines has not yet built an adequate and low-cost
public transportation, we are posing a problem to those who
cannot afford expensive transport systems like taxis. Aside
from this, banning jeepneys affects our cultural identity.
These colorful vehicles, as well as the actual experience of
riding them, have become one of the symbols of the
Philippines. It is therefore a cultural crime to bar them from
the country’s capital.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

In the wild, there lived three young women who decided

to build a shelter. However, they had different
preferences, so each of them decided to build their own
house. And so it was the opposite to a river, the youngest
girl built a house using leaves and twigs. Adjacent to the
youngest girl’s house is the shelter of the eldest. She
built a house using logs and she constructed it near the
spring so she can easily access drinking water. In the
middle of the forest, the middle child built her house. It
stands between two hills and is quite far from her two
sister’s houses, but she was contented.
IDENTIFY THE MAIN IDEA, THE PATTERN OF
DEVELOPMENT, AND THE SIGNAL WORDS IN EACH
PARAGRAPH.

There are many reasons why I prefer to live

in the Metro. First and foremost, it has many
exciting places. For example, you can go to
Makati if you want to go shopping. If you
want to experience the night life, you can
visit bars along Tomas Morato and Malate. In
terms of job opportunities, the Metro houses
most of the top companies that offer the best-
paying jobs.