Relevant Research Findings

Coronavirus is increasing due to various factors

1. Density
 Certain densely populated cities have proved to be particularly vulnerable to the risk of infection.
2. Household size & planning
 a big household, large, or extended families will have a higher chance to bring the virus home.
 Could be the end of open plan spaces
 leading to change into the building code and design strategies.
3. Ventilation & Temperature
 poor indoor building ventilation can spread out the COVID-19 virus.
 Low indoor temperature may activate COVID-19 virus
4. Customs, traditions & social environmental factors
 cultural and religious tradition of celebration as well as close interaction with family members and neighbors has
major social and religious factor that poses serious challenges
 Muslim congregation prayers, Sunday church services and similar gatherings among different religious
communities is further exposing the nation to the deadly virus
5. Economy
 poorest the population more likely they are to be infected with the virus.
 they are more vulnerable to economic consequences.
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How people are using Spaces

1. Balconies/Windows
2. Parks
3. Green Roofs/ Roof top People talking with neighbors through balconies Communicating with neighbors through roof top

4. Streets

The park can be accessed for three hours between 7-10 am and
3:30-6:30pm. New delhi Source:- Hindustan Times Rooftop gardening during lockdown

Pedestrian-focused principles should be at the forefront of

cities’ efforts to rethink road space, both in response to
COVID-19 and in the long term.  Source:- WRI Mexico

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Ideas from Architecture & Planning through various researches:-

1. Expanding Horizontally
2. Fewer Density Cities
3. Decentralization
4. Urban Farming
5. Fewer cars, more cycling and walking
6. Self- sufficient Strategies
7. Re-focusing on green spaces
8. Low-rise building
9. Better air quality
10. Distributed Urbanism
11. Urban clusters
12. Elastic city

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1. Expanding Horizontally
• With more available open spaces, horizontal expansion can be done which could be essential to prevent
the spread of infections and diseases.
2. Fewer density cities
• Need to design a more equitable cities without the internal densities that have proven so deadly.
3. Decentralization
• Distribution in smaller units such as health facilities, schools, and services across more of the urban
tissue and strengthen local centers
• Decentralize network of smaller green spaces
• This approach encourage horizontal expansion
4. Urban Farming
• It can help growing, strengthening, self-sustaining communities to become more resilient to pandemic
• Urban farming integrated approaches can be implemented using the latest designs and technologies with
other architectural approaches
5. Fewer cars, more cycling and walking
• There is a need of improving the network of cycling and walk able streets.
• Cities should offer more safe paths and small roads for walking and micro-mobility than depending only
on mass public transportation.

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6. Self- Sufficient Strategies
• High priority should be given on self-sufficient buildings and lifestyles
• In addition to all the energy-efficient strategies with heating and cooling systems, architects might inspire
additional methods of thinking concerning water supply and food production.
7. Re-focusing on Green spaces
• For our mental health it required an interaction with plants and to grow what we eat to reduce risk,
especially during lockdown and self-isolation
• During the design process, green roofs designed for food production might require additional calculations
and requirements.
8. Low Rise Building
• It is necessary to reduce contact with everything in multi-story buildings such as elevators, elevator
buttons, door handles, and surfaces
9. Better Air Quality
• Need of an approach to improve health through greater natural light, improved ventilation, fewer toxic
substances, and incorporating plants
• it is critical to design buildings with skylights, large windows, rooftop terraces, balconies, and courtyards
to avoid sick-building syndrome and enhance air quality.

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10. Elastic City Concept
• Imagine a city which is able to open its borders to everyone in moments of peace and integrity on the other hand
this city should be able to close its borders and fragments itself into small isolated self-dependent clusters during
the time of a health emergency, civil war or climate conflict.
11. Distributed Urbanism
• It is an idea where some areas of the city are made to be accessible only to certain people at certain time of the day,
and on certain days of the week or month.
• This kind of distribution could drastically improve a city’s resilience during a pandemic by reducing contacts and
interaction to spread the contamination.
12. Urban Clusters
• Dividing cities into self-dependent clusters like small mobile hospitals, public institution and services, it can reduce
the impacts of pandemics.

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Construction strategy

• Modular Construction
 create less expensive and quickly
constructed building during pandemic and
natural hazard.
• Adaptive Re-use
 requirement for more efficient, effective, and Xiotangsang hospital constructed inseven days, allegedly breaking the world record for the fastest
construction of a hospital. Source:- BBC news
flexible reuse plans for future crises.
• Lightweight & adaptive structures
 lightweight and adaptable structures are often
preferable for their speed and portability.
• Hygienic building material
 Use of hygienic and anti-bacterial materials
that can be easily sanitized The Covid facility at the centre of Radha Soami Hospitals are setting up triage tents for
Satsang Beas in Chhatarpur, New Delhi  Source:- emergency room extension, waiting & treatment
Kairvy Grewal, The Print area Source:- Associated press 2020

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Table Showing Building Construction Technology, Strategy and
examples:-
Strategy Example Description
  Vic hospital Melbourne Australia A semi-permanent resuscitation unit has been built at the hospital. The unit comprising a prefabricated semi-containerized two-story
COVID-19 specific-purpose hospital in its car park.

Modular Construction Leishenshan hospital, Wuhan, China A 1,600-bed hospital constructed on a parking lot from prefabricated modules placed into steel skeletons above concrete foundations.

  CURA prototype, Milan, Italy Italian architect and professor designed intensive-care pods within a shipping container called CURA. The pods connected by inflatable
corridors and fitted with bio containment systems.

  Temporary hospital, Javits Center, New York New York City's Javits Convention Center turned into a 2,910-bed temporary field hospital for COVID-19 patients

Adaptive Reuse Radha Soami Spritual Centre as temporary hospital, The 10,000-bed facilities are setting up at the Radha Soami Spiritual Centre in Delhi’s Chhatarpur. This temporary facility would function
Delhi, India like 20 mini hospitals with 500 beds each, and staffed with 400 doctors working in shifts

  Train cars to serve as hospital, Delhi, India India has closed its railways in 167 years and turned them into hospitals. The train cars have added about 8,000 beds to Delhi's
overwhelmed health care infrastructure.

  NEA building , Kharipati, Bhaktapur The building was used for quarantine in march to accommodate students who were brought back home from Wuhan, China in February
this year. Later, 200 bed isolation center is being used to keep COVID-19 patients.

  The Nightingale Hospital, London, UK Excel Exhibition Centre turned into a 500 -bed hospital equipped with ventilators and oxygen with the capacity increased to fight COVID-
19.

  Inflatable emergency hospital, Pachuca, Mexico The hospital designed to be the quickest response to an immediate care center. A 1,000-square-meter structure prepared to see up to 80
COVID-19 patients daily.

Lightweight architecture UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco Bay, USA The hospital sets up two outdoor tents to prep for possible influx of COVID-19 patients which employed as triage and emergency room
extensions, waiting and treatment areas.