Modelling Wireless

channels-An Intro
Sudheesh P G
Dept of E&C, MIT
References
• Wireless communication by Andrea Goldsmith
• Wireless communications by Rappaport
• Video Lectures: advanced 3G, 4G communication by Aditya
Jagannatham
• Principles of Wireless communications Aditya Jagannatham
Why?

• For better understanding of “nature” of wireless environment

• Quantitatively analyze performance of wireless communication

system.

• Deterministic channels are rarely available, Sol: model the channel

What can cause variation in channel
• Multipath
• Building
• Trees etc
• Change in location

• Constructive
Or destructive addition
• LOS and NLOS component
• Single pulse may appear as a pulse train at receiver
• Multipath -Amplitude, delay, number of multipaths
Delay spread
• Transmit single pulse
• Delay spread- time b/w arrival of first and last pulse
• Can be LOS or NLOS

• Less Delay spread-little time spreading in the received signal

• High delay spread-substantial signal distortion
• Compare delay spread with inverse of signal bandwidth
Time varying nature
• Either transmitter or receiver is moving
• Multi paths will change Coherence time

• Channel variations can be fast or slow

Narrowband vs wideband
• Two multipaths are resolvable only if the difference between them
exceeds inverse signal bandwidth

  1 / Bu   1 / Bu

 1  2
t t
Narrowband Wideband
Doppler effect
Time varying channel impulse response

• s(t) : transmitted signal- band pass signal

• u(t) : low pass equivalent of s(t)

• n=0 LOS path

• τn is the delay with each path
• αnis the amplitude
• φDn is the Doppler phase shift
Diagram
• Lets assume that the transmitter and receiver are static,
Narrowband vs wideband
• Variation is fast in narrowband as multiple reflections joins to form
one single path-that path may appear like large scale fading

• In wideband variation is slow and each path if from separate

scatterers.
• Effect of delay term and Doppler is combined in φn
Channel output
Time varying impulse response
• LTI channel
Q1
Effect of path delay-fading
• Rapid phase changes in each multipath component- constructive or
destructive addition.
• Rapid variation in received signal strength
Delay -contd
Tm is delay spread

• Demodulator is synchronized to LOS component at τ0

𝜏
• Or synchronized to mean delay ´
 

Discard lower power multipath

components
Q1:Max delay spread
Channel delay spread-average, rms delay
spread
less distance
• Indoor- 10-1000 ns
• Suburban- 20-2000 ns Less objects

• Urban-1-30 μs

• Reason?????
Narrowband fading