A SEMINAR ON

PRACTICAL TRAINING TAKEN AT

WESTERN CENTRAL RAILWAY, KOTA

SUBMITTED BY
•NAME: AMIT MOORJANI
•BRANCH: ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
•ROLL NO.: 06EAREC012
•ARYA COLLEGE OF ENGG. & IT
 INDIAN RAILWAYS
Indian Railways has one of the largest and busiest rail
networks in the world.
The Indian Railways is the largest civilian employer in
the world at approximately 1.6 million employees.
Indian Railways is a department owned and controlled
by the Government of India, via the Ministry of
Railways.
The training of all the cadre is entrusted and shared
between six Centralised Training Institutes.They are :
 Indian Railway Institute of Transportation
Management, Lucknow for officers of the Traffic department
 Indian Railway Institute of Civil Engineering, Pune for civil
engineers,
• Indian Railway Institute of Signal and Telecommunications
Engineering, Secunderabad for engineers of S&T department,
 Indian Railway Institute of Mechanical and Electrical
Engineering, Jamalpur for mechanical engineers
 Indian Railway Institute of Electrical Engineering, Nasik for
Electrical Engineers,
 RPF Academy, Lucknow for officers of the Railway Protection
Force
 TOPICS
1. Electronic Exchange

2. Axle Counter

3. Overhead Communication
 Electronic Exchange

Supports large communication network of Railways.

Facilitates Internet, Fax etc.

Processing based on:-

• Switching(provides bidirectional speech)
• Signaling (establish connection)
• Controlling

Easy fault diagnosis and smaller set up.

 Working
1.As soon as the intended caller picks the handset , DC
starts flowing over the loop.
2.Exchange returns the dialer tone to caller who then
enters the unique sequence of digits of the other
subscriber.
3.Bursts of ringing tone are applied to the called party
while the AC is flowing.
4.When the called party picks up the phone, DC flows and a
connection is set up by the exchange between the parties
concerned.
NOTE: If the called party belongs to other exchange ,
the caller’s exchange sets the connection between the
caller and the caller party’s exchange.
Then ,the procedure repeats.
 Axle Counters
Vitality of track circuiting:
• To ensure safety of train operators , track circuits are
vital components of signaling system.
• They are recommended to safeguard against reception
of trains on occupied lines.

Obstructions to track circuiting:

• Virtual scarcity of wooden sleepers.
• Prohibitive cost.
• Environmental consciousness.
Advent of Universal Axle Counters:
• Initially , Axle counters were imported from Germany to
judge their suitability.

•2 models namely:- a) Single entry/exit

b) Multi entry/exit
were bought up and the design was finalized and
commercialized under certain conditions. Based on the
feedback , Universal Axle Counter was developed by
RSDO.
Axle Counters
Structure:
• It is an electronic device consisting of :-
a) A set of Track inductors that ‘counts in’ the number of axles
passing over them. (Fitted at the entrance of length of track)
b) A set of Track inductors that ‘counts out’ the number of
axles passing over them. (Fitted at the exit of the length of
track)
c) An evaluator that registers ‘counts in’ and ‘counts out’.
• It shows ‘clear’ the line if ‘counts in’=‘counts out’
• It shows ‘occupied’ if the 2 counts are different.
Principle for counting axles:-
• The Magnetic Flux generated by 5KHz current flowing in the
transmitting coil induces a voltage in the receiver coil on either side
of running rail.
• When a wheel passes between these 2coils , the magnetic flux gets
disturbed and the induced voltage in the receiver coil is substantially
reduced.
• The reductions called ‘dip’ are processed in the evaluator.
• The system consists of:-
 Track maintaining and track side equipment.
 Central evaluator with EV relays and SUP relays as its output.
 Reset box and Line verification box.
Advantages:
• Does not require wooden sleepers.
• Can cover a very long section of 15 kms.
• Not susceptible to flooding of tracks or poor maintenance
of tracks.
• Does not require insulating joints , thus , rails can be
continuously welded.
• Reduces track maintenance cost.
• Lowers wear and tear of tracks.
• Increases travelling comforts.
Applications of Axle Counters:
• Monitoring of berthing of tracks in station areas and yards.
• Monitoring of point zones in stations areas and yards.
• Automatic signaling systems using axle counters.
• Intermediated block signaling.
Overhead Communication
OPTICAL FIBRE:
EVOLUTION:
• Simple telephone wires formed the basis of communication in
the earliest era of Indian Railways.
• Two stations were connected via telephone lines but the
communication was subjected to the problem of limited channels.

NEW CONCEPT:
• Optical fiber cables were capable of carrying large number of
channels.
•Under this system , many complex and sophisticated instruments
exist.
•Optical fiber is delicate and requires a correct and fix approach as a
mistake of 0.01% can fail the whole system.
 CONSTRUCTION:
Optical fiber consists of 3 layers:
1. a core of highly pure glass with high refractive index.
2. a middle layer of glass with low refractive index namely Cladding that
protects the core of glass from scratches and surface imperfections.
3. an Outer Polymer Jacket that protects the fiber from damage.

• To have a higher refractive index for core glass , it is doped with

dopant (small and controlled amount of impurity).
 Dopant reduces the speed of light. The best dopant for pure glass
Silica is Germanium because of same no. of outer electrons present in
them.
DEMAND IN INDIAN RAILWAY:
• Mainly 6*4 OFC’S are used in Railways.

• 6*4 means that there are 6 groups , each containing 4 cables or

optical fibers so that there is total of 24 optical fibers in each

cable.

MAINTENANCE:
To prevent the malfunctioning of fibre - a)Isopropyl solution
b)Isopropane solution
are used to remove the dust from the tip.
Cleaning: Optical fibers are cleaned when 2 of them are fused.

•Identification through combinations: As there

are 6 groups having 4 fibers each, color combinations are used to

identify them. They are:-

1st combination
Blue
Orange
 Natural
 Natural
 Natural
 Natural
 2nd combination
 Blue
 Orange
 Green
 Natural
 Natural
 Natural
• While fusing , wires of same color are connected.
• While making connections , DUMMY GROUPS are supplied for
the sake of identification of counting and convenience.
Optical fiber communication Optical fiber connector
Splicer-the facilitator of fusing
• Based on thermal energy , splicer helps to melt the fibres
and thus fuse them.
• Splice loss:- Loss introduced while splicing
process.
• Defects that can be seen after splicing are:-
a) Bubbling
b) Neck down/Not spliced
c) Thickening
d) Streak
DEFECTS POSSIBLE CAUSES
 Bubbling a) wrong fibre selection
b) faulty cleave
c) dirty fibre
d) degradation of
electrodes
 Not spliced a) wrong fusion
b) faulty cleave
c) excessive arc current
d) insufficient fibre feed
 Thickening a) wrong fusion
b) excessive fibre feed
c) excessive arc current
 Streak a) wrong fusion
b) weak arc
PRECAUTIONS :
 To reduce the splice loss , tips of fibre must be cleaned
with Isopropane and Isopropyl solutions.
 Fibre ends must also be cleaned properly.
 Base fibre must be wiped with tint free tissue soaked with
denatured alcohol.
 An arc in the machine can damage the retina of human
eye , wearing a protection glass is recommended while
operation.
OFC CENTER AT KOTA
Thank you