LOAD ANALYSIS

Loading Classes
Constant Loads Time-Varying Loads

Stationary Elements Class 1 Class 2

Moving Elements Class 3 Class 4

Class 1 is a stationary system with constant loads

Class 2 describes a stationary system with time-
varying loads. An example is a bridge which is
subjected to changing loads as vehicles drive over it .
Class 3 defines a moving system with constant loads
Class 4 describes the general case of a rapidly moving
system subjected to time-varying loads. An example is
car’s engine.
FREE-BODY DIAGRAMS
Newton’s first and second law can be written for a rigid body in two forms :

F  0 M  0
And for body that have acceleration:

 F  m a  M  I
Three Dimensional Load Analysis
For three dimensional system of connected rigid bodies:
F  0 x F  0 F  0
y z

M  0 x M  0 M  0
y z

For dynamic condition:

F x  ma x F y  ma y F z  ma z

M x  
 Ix  x  Iy  Iz  y z M y  I y  y   Iz  I x   z  x M z  
 Iz  z  Ix  Iy  x  y

Two Dimensional Load Analysis

For two dimensional system of connected bodies:
F x  ma x F y  ma y M z  I z z
Two Dimensional Static Loading
Case Studies

Problem: Determine the forces on the elements of the bicycle

brake lever as­sembly shown in Figure 3-1 during braking.
Given: The geometry of each element is known. The average
human's hand can develop a grip force of about 267 N (60 lb) in
the lever position shown.
Assumption: The accelerations and weight are negligible. All
forces are coplanar and two di­mensional. A Class 1 load model is
appropriate and a static analysis is acceptable.
Two Dimensional Static Loading
Case Studies
Bicycle Brake Lever Free Body Diagram
Two Dimensional Static Loading
Case Studies
 Handle Bar
On CG: F x  F21x  Fb1x  F31x  Px  0
F  F21 y  Fb1 y  F31 y  Py  0
y

 M z  M h   R21  F21    Rb1  Fb1    R31  F31    R p  Fp   0

 Brake Lever
On CG : F  F x 12 x  Fb 2 x  Fc 2 x  0
F  F y 12 y  Fb 2 y  Fc 2 y  0
M  R z 12  F12    Rb 2  Fb 2    Rc 2  Fc 2   0
Fc 2 y  Fc 2 x tan 
 Cable
On CG : F x  Fcable x  F13 x  Fc 3 x  0

F y  Fcable y  F13 y  Fc 3 y  0
Two Dimensional Static Loading
Case Studies
Beam Loading
 A beam is any element that carries loads transverse to its long axis and may
carry loads in the axial direction as well.
 The most common used of beam construction are simply supported,
cantilever beam, overhung beam, and Indeterminate beam.
Beam Loading
Shear and Moment
A beam may be loaded with some combination of distributed and/or
concentrated forces or moments. The applied forces will create both shearing
forces (V) and bending moments (M) in the beam. V and M are related to
loading function q(x) by: 2
dV d M
q x   
dx dx 2
The loading function q(x) is typically known and the shear V and moment M
distributions can be found by integrating the equation:
VB xB

 dV   qdx  V
VA xA
B  VA

The difference in the shear forces between any two points, A and B, is equal to
the area under the graph of the loading function.
MB xB

MA
 dM   Vdx  M
xA
B  MA

The difference in the moment between any two points, A and B, is equal to the
area under the graph of the shear function
Beam Loading
Singularity Function
Annotation Function Boundary Condition
x a =0
Quadratically distributed loads xa2 ---> Unit parabolic fuction
x>a =(x-a)2
x a =0
Linearly distributed Loads xa1 --->Unit ramp function
x>a =(x-a)
x a =0
A uniformly distributed load xa0 --->Unit step function x>a =1
x=aundefined
x a =0
A concentrated force xa-1 --->Unit impuls function x>a =0
x=a = ∞
x a =0
A concentrated Momen xa-2 --->Unit doublet fuction x>a =0
x=a = ∞

Integral of singularity function

3
x xa x x 2 1
 
0 1

2
  a d    a d  x  a a d  x  a
 3  
2
xa x 1

x 0

1
  a d   a d  x  a
 2 
Beam Loading
Singularity Function
The concentrated moment and force functions are zero for all values of x not
equal to a. The functions are undefined for values of x = a. Note that the unit
step and ramp functions are zero only for values of x that are less than a. The
integration properties shown in the table constitute a part of the mathematical
definition too.
Beam Loading (Case Studies)
Beam Loading (Case Studies)
Vibration Loading
In systems that are dynamically loaded, there will usually be vibration loads
superimposed on the theoretical loads predicted by the dynamic equations.
These vibration loads can be due to a variety of causes for example unbalance
mass, resonance, elements stiffness., etc. If the elements in the system were
infinitely stiff, then vibrations would be eliminated. But all real elements, of any
material, have elasticity and thus act as springs when subjected to forces.
Vibration loading will not be discussed further in this lecture.
Impact Loading
The loading considered so far has either been static or, if time-varying,
has been assumed to be gradually and smoothly applied, with all mating
parts continually in contact. Many machines have elements that are
subjected to sudden loads or impacts. One example is the crank-slider
mechanism, jackhammer, collision between moving object ,etc. Impact
phenomenon is related to plastitcity which is a very complex subject.
Impact loading will not be discussed further in this lecture.