Temperature measurement

Radiation pyrometer 4 4
 
𝑇 = 𝑒𝑡 𝑇
𝑎
 A standard radiating source or blackbody

 Radiation pyrometers are calibrated to indicate blackbody or true

temperatures
 According to Stefan-Boltzmann law, the rate of radiant energy from a
blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature
 No upper temperature limit but lower limit is 1000°F

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Temperature measurement
Radiation pyrometer

𝑏
 
𝐸 𝑚𝑓 =𝐾 𝑇
Thermocouple

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Temperature measurement
Optical pyrometer
 In radiation pyrometer, all wavelengths are considered and also known as total
radiation pyrometer
 Only difference between radiation pyrometer and optical pyrometer is that
optical pyrometer considers only single wavelength or a narrow band of
wavelengths in the visible part of the spectrum.
 Brightness of light emission from a body is compared with a standard body
 A red filter is used for color comparison
 Red filter only allows wavelength of red radiation
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Temperature measurement
Optical pyrometer

Temperature range
1400 to 2400°F

This limit can be

extended to 10,000°F
by using various
absorption screens

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Metallography
 The study of the structural characteristics of metals and alloys
 Grain size and the size, shape and distribution of various phases may be
determined
 The microstructure can talk about mechanical and thermal treatment of
metals
 Sometimes it is possible to predict the behavior of metals and alloys under
given conditions

Microscopic study greatly depends on specimen preparation

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Metallography

Steps of preparing the specimens for metallography

1. Sampling
2. Rough grinding
3. Mounting
4. Intermediate polishing
5. Fine polishing
6. Etching

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Metallurgical Microscopes
Magnification can be
Maximum extended by using
magnification is short wavelength
about 2000X radiation, such as
ultraviolet radiation

Total magnification is Magnification power

the product of the may be extended
magnifications of the drastically by using
objective and eyepiece electron microscope

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Metallurgical Microscopes:
Electron Microscope
• High velocity
electrons • Must be kept
behaves like in vacuum
light of very • Lenses are
short magnetic field
wavelength • Replica of the
nearly 100,000 surface to be
times shorter produced
than visible • Maximum
light. magnification
• High power is about
needed to 200,000X
produce and
control electron
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
beam
Test for mechanical properties

Destructive tests
and
Non-destructive tests

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness

The various hardness tests may be divided into three categories:

1. Elastic Hardness
2. Resistance to cutting or abrasion
3. Resistance to indentation

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Diamond tip hammer

1. Elastic Hardness
 Measured by scleroscope
 It is really a measure of the resilience
of a material that is the energy it can
absorb in the elastic range
Specimen

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Destructive tests: Hardness

2. Resistance to cutting or abrasion

 Scratch test (ten standard minerals
numbered 1 - 10)
 File test (a file of known hardness)

Heat treat until the material is file hard

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

Destructive tests: Hardness

3. Resistance to Indentation
 Brinell Hardness Test
 Rockwell Hardness Test
 Vickers Hardness Test
 Microhardness Test

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness

Brinell Hardness Test

 Hardened steel ball indenter is forced into the specimen
 Standard ball diameter is 10 mm and force 3000 kg for ferrous
metals and 500 kg for non-ferrous metals
 Indentation time is 10s for ferrous metals and 30s for non-ferrous
metals
 Indentation diameter is measured by microscope with ocular scale

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
 
Brinell Hardness Test 75 HB 10/500/30
The Brinell hardness number (HB)
Measuring limit is
500 HB

Can be measured up to
650 HB by using
tungsten carbide ball
Tables are available based on indentation
diameter

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Rockwell Hardness Test
 The principle is based on differential depth measurement
 Initially fixed minor load is applied on the specimen (10kg for
normal tester and 3 kg for superficial tester)
 Then major load is applied (60, 100 and 150 kg for normal and 15,
30 and 45 for superficial tester)
 Order of numbers are reversed on the scale (large impression
gives low hardness number and vise versa)
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Destructive tests: Hardness
Rockwell Hardness Test
 A variety of indenters and loads are used and each combination
determines a particular Rockwell scale (A, B, C etc.)
 Indenters are hard steel ball (1/16, 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2 in. dia and a
120° conical diamond)

Rockwell hardness number 75 measured on

75 HRB
Rockwell scale “B” (1/16 in. ball and 100kg)

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Vickers Hardness Test
 Square based diamond pyramid indenter with included angle 136°
 Load range 1-120kg
 Basic principle is same as Brinell hardness tester
 Impression in the surface is square
 The length of diagonal is measured
 Can be used to measure hardness of thin sheets

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
 
Vickers Hardness Test

Vickers hardness number

(HV)

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Microhardness Test
 Test loads are between 1 and 1,000 gm
 Two types of indenters (136° square base Vickers diamond
pyramid and elongated knop diamond indenter)
 Hardness number is the load per unit area of impression
 
Vickers hardness number (HV)

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna

 Destructive tests: Hardness
Microhardness Test
 Test loads are between 1 and 1,000 gm
 Two types of indenters (136° square
base Vickers diamond pyramid and
elongated knoop diamond indenter)
 Hardness number is the load per unit
area of impression
Knoop diamond pyramid
indenter
Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna
 Next class

MORE ON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

Dr. Md. Arifuzzaman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, KUET, Khulna