Asst. Prof. Dr.

Nuttawan Yoswathana
1
Topics
1. Introduction

2. Physical Characteristics

3. Chemical Characteristics

4. Biological Characteristics

2
1. Types of Wastewater
• Domestic Wastewater

• Industrial Wastewater

• Agricultural Wastewater

3
Table 6.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological
wastewater characteristics considered for design

Turbidity

pH
pH

4
Table 6.2 Typical composition of untreated domestic
wastewater.

5
2. The Physical Characteristic of wastewater
 Total Solids

 Odours

 Temperature

 Colour

 Turbidity

 pH

6
Total solids

Interrelationships of solids found in water and wastewater 7

Imhoff
cone
Total solids
103 to 105 oC
1-2 hrs,
wt.constant
Settleable Sedimentation
solids
Sample Evaporation TS
Filtrate out (FS)
Filter
Suspended Solid (glass fiber)
(> 0.001 mm) (SS) 1.2 μm

Evaporation
Evaporation Air oven
550  50 oC
1-24 hr. SS FS Colloids (0.001 mm to 1 nm)
+
Dissolved solids (< 1 nm)
Muffle Muffle
furnace furnace
ash
ash
VSS FSS VFS FFS
SS

TVS TFS

Furnace TS
FS
Interrelationships of solids found in water and wastewater 8
ปริมาณของแข็ ง (Solids) Suspended Solids (SS)
(> 0.001 mm)

Filtrable Solids (FS)

Settleable Solids
(> 0.01 mm)

9
Figure 6.4 Classification of solids found in
medium-strength wastewater
10
Analytical solids)

1
TFS

T TFS

12
6.1

13
 Odours
Table 6.4 Odorous compounds associated with untreated
wastewater
Odourous compounds Chemical formula Odour, quality
Amines CH3NH2, (CH3)3H Fishy
Ammonia NH3 Ammoniacal
Diamines NH2 (CH2)4 NH2, NH2 (CH2)5 NH2 Decayed flesh
Hydrogen sulphide H2S Rotten eggs
Mercaptans CH3SH, CH3(CH2)SH Decayed cabbage
(e.g., methyl and ethyl)
Mercaptans (CH3)3CSH, CH3(CH2)3SH Skunk
(e.g., butyl and crotyl)
Organic sulphides (CH3)2S, (C6H5)2S Rotten cabbage
Skatole C9H9N Fecal matter
The recommended sample size is 200 mL.
The numerical value of the TON is determined as
follows:
TON = A+B (6.1)
A

where A = mL of sample
and B = mL of odour-free water

EPA does not have a maximum standard for TON.

A maximum TON of 3 has been recommended by
the Public Health service and serves as a guideline
rather than a legal standard.
Temperature
• The temperature of water is a very important
parameter ---->chemical reactions and reaction
rates, aquatic life, and the water for beneficial
uses.
• Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold
water.
• Temperature also affects other physical
properties of water such as density, viscosity etc.
• The high temperature can faster the growth of
undesirable water plants and wastewater fungus.
 Colour

Condition refers to the age of the wastewater, which

is determined qualitatively by its colour and odour.

grey ----> dark grey and

ultimately to black.
 Turbidity
• a measure of the light-transmitting properties of
water with respect to colloidal and residual suspended
matter.

• Turbidity meter readings are expressed as

Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) or Jackson
turbidity units (JTU) or Formazin turbidity standard
(FTU)

• The American Water Works Association has set 5

NTU/JTU as its goal for drinking water.
Typical series of Formazin turbidity standards (FTU) or shown in
Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

ความขุน
่ (Turbidity)

20
3. The Chemical Characteristic of
wastewater
 Organic Matters

 Measurement of Organic Content

 Inorganic Matter

 Gases

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3. Chemical characteristics

3.1 Organic matter

1. Protein: carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (16%)

2. Carbohydrates: sugar,starch,cellulose,wood fiber;

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

3. Fats, Oils, and Grease: esters of alcohol or glycerol

with fatty acid; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
3. Chemical characteristics
3.1 Organic matter (continue)

4. Surfactants: large organic molecules and cause

stable foaming in wastewater treatment plants.

- Synthetic detergents called alkyl-

benzene-sulfonate (ABS) was especially
troublesome.

- ABS has been replaced in detergents by

linear-alkyl- sulfonate (LAS), which is
biodegradable
 3.1 Organic matter (continue)

5.Priority Pollutants: both inorganic and organic

priority pollutants (129 priorities) were suspected
carcinogen, mutagenicity, high acute toxicity.

6. Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) :

They have a boiling point < 100 oC and/or a vapour
pressure > 1mm Hg at 25 oC
e.g. vinyl chloride has a boiling point of –13.9 oC
and a vapour pressure of 2548 mm Hg at 20 oC.
7. Pesticides, herbicides and other agricultural
chemicals : many of these chemicals are also
classified as priority pollutants.
3.2 Measurement Organic content
Table 6.5 Oxygen demand and organic carbon parameters

25
DO (Dissolved Oxygen)
6.6 (deionized water at 1 atm)

26
Oxygen Sag Curve
(The Streeter-Phelps oxygen-sag curve)

DO meter

Saturated O2 in water

is a function of

temperature, pressure

and concentration of

dissolved solids. 27
 Self-Purification
DO sag curve

Figure 6.10 Self-purification processes of

pollutants in rivers.
(1) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

• BOD5 = the amount of

oxygen consumed during
microbial utilisation of
organics.

• The standard BOD test

is run in the dark at
20oC for 5 days (BOD5),
• Bottle 300 ml,
• BOD< 2mg/L is not
suitable to analysis
29
 BOD = I - F (6.2)

I = initial DO, mg/L

F = final DO, mg/L

A is valid test for 5 day BOD = 6 mg/L

B is invalid, 0 DO before 5day

B= C is dilution 10-fold B (1:10) = 40 mg/L

(6.3)

(6.4a)

(6.4b)

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Figure 6.14 Logarithmic (10-Fold) Serial Dilution of Wastewater

31
Table 6.7 BOD measurable with various dilutions of
sample

By using percent mixtures By direct pipetting into 300 mL

bottles
% mixture Range of BOD mL Range of BOD
0.01 20,000-70,000 0.02 30,000-105,000
0.02 10,000-35,000 0.05 12,000-42,000
0.05 4,000-14,000 0.10 6,000-21,000
0.1 2,000-7,000 0.20 3,000-10,500
0.2 1,000-3,500 0.50 1,200-4,200
0.5 400-1,400 1.0 600-2,100
1.0 200-700 2.0 300-1,050
2.0 100-350 5.0 120-420
5.0 40-140 10.0 60-210
10.0 20-70 20.0 30-105
20.0 10-35 50.0 12-42
50.0 4-14 100.0 6-21
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100.0 0-7 300.0 0-7
(6.2)

(6.4a)

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(6.3)

6.3)
BOD = ( I - F) D

(6.5)

D = Expected BOD / ΔDO ……..(6.5)

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 With unseeded dilution water

=Y =X

With seeded dilution water

(6.15)

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 (6.6)

= (300- Vs)

36
(6.4)

6.7

(6.6)

#
37
The BOD of domestic sewage is 250 mg/L, many industrial wastes run
as high as 30,000 mg/L

0 0

38
 (6.7)

(6.8)

(6.16A)
(6.16B)

(6.16A)

 ( L-y = Z)

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 (6.9)

(6.10)

(6.16)

40
 6.8

k = 2.303 (K)

Temperature Correction: Hoff-Arrhenius

KT = K20 () T-20 (6.11)

Between 4 and 20ºC ,  = 1.135

20 and 30ºC,  = 1.056
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 Example 6.5 A waste is being discharged into a river that
has a temperature of 10oC. What fraction of the maximum
oxygen consumption has occurred in four days if the BOD rate
constant determined in the laboratory under conditions is
0.115 d-1 (base e)?

Solution: 1. Determine the rate constant for the waste at

the river temperature using equation (6.11): KT = K20 ()
T-20

k10 = 0.115 (1.135)10-20 = 0.032 d-1

2. Use this value of k in equation (6.10) to find the

fraction of maximum oxygen consumption occurring in four
days:
BOD4 = [1 – e-(0.032)(4)]
L
= 0.12 #
42
NBOD = nitrogeneous BOD

CBOD = carbonaceous BOD

(6.12)

mg/L

43
(2) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

The oxygen equivalent of the organic

matter that can be oxidized is measured
by using a strong chemical oxidizing
agent in an acidic medium.
Oxidising agent,
Potassium dichromate

(CaHbOc) + Cr2O7-2 + H+------------------> Cr+3 + CO2 + H2O (6.13)

44
 (3) Total Organic Carbon (TOC)
The test is performed by injecting a known quantity
of sample into a high-temperature furnace or
chemically oxidising environment.
oxidised (680oC)
The organic carbon carbon dioxide
catalyst
The carbon dioxide that is measured by
means of an infrared analyser.
TOC = TC - IC
(acid remove IC to carbonate and
leave only TOC)
Correlation: BOD5/COD varies from 0.4-0.8
BOD5/TOC varies from 1.0-1.6 45
(4) Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
6.6

46
3-3) Inorganic Matters
(1) Chlorides from saltwater
(2) Alkalinity: hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of
elements such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,
and ammonia.
(3) Nitrogen and Phosphorus: Eutrophication refers to an
excessive nutrients in a body of water, mainly phosphorous
exceed values of 0.3 mg/L ,and nitrogen exceed values of
0.01 mg/L)
(4)Sulphur: sulphate is reduced to sulphide and H2S
(5)Toxic Inorganic compounds and Heavy metal

47
Figure 6.19 The excess of nitrate or
phosphate into water causes Eutrophication
48
 3-4) Gases
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is required for the respiration
of aerobic microorganisms.

Hydrogen sulphide ( H2S) is formed from the anaerobic

decomposition of organic matter containing sulphur.

Methane gas (CH4) is the principal by-product of

the anaerobic decomposition of the organic matter
in wastewater.

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 6-4 Biological characteristics

(1) Pathogenic organisms :

They are found in the wastewater are bacteria, viruses,
protozoa, and helminths.
may
• Presence of coliform organisms pathogenic organisms

• The absence of coliform organisms =>that water is free

• from disease-producing organisms.

• The coliform bacteria include the genera Escherichia and

Aerobacter.
(2) Enumeration of Coliform Organisms

The standard test for the coliform group

may be carried out using the multiple-tube
fermentation techniques Fig. 6.20.

10 mL 1 mL 0.1 mL

Incubate 35 oC,
24 hr.,
Gas => positive
6.20 (b)
Estimation of Coliform Densities
• Concentrations of total coliform bacteria are
reported as “most probable number” per 100 mL
(MPN/100mL)

• The MPN is based on the Poisson distribution of

the number of positive and negative results from
a series of three dilutions.

• When the Poisson eq. or MPN tables are not

available, the eq. Proposed by Thomas can be
estimated by Equation (6.15).
Example 9-3
6.7

Size of Number of Number of

portion, mL positive tubes negative tubes
10.0 4 1
1.0 4 1
0.1 2 3
0.01 0 5

A bacteria analysis for a surface water yielded

the following the results for the standard
confirmed test for total coliform. Determine the
coliform density (MPN) using table 9.11
6.10 and the
Thomas equation.
 Example 9-3

Size of Number of Number of

portion, mL positive tubes negative tubes
10.0 4 1
1.0 4 1
0.1 2 3
0.01 0 5

A bacteria analysis for a surface water yielded

From MPN Table(6.10),eliminating
the following the portion
the results for the standard
confirmed test for total coliform. Determine the
with no positive
coliform tubes,using
density (MPN) the MPN/100
table 9.11mL the47
andis
Thomas equation.
Number of positive Number of positive Number of positive Number of positive Number of positive Number of positive
tubes tubes tubes tubes tubes tubes
10 1 0.1 MPN 10 1 0.1 MPN 10 1 0.1 MPN 10 1 0.1 MPN 10 1 0.1 MPN 10 1 0.1 MPN

mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL mL
0 0 0 1 0 0 2.0 2 0 0 4.5 3 0 0 7.8 4 0 0 13 5 0 0 23
0 0 1 1.8 1 0 1 4.0 2 0 1 6.8 3 0 1 11 4 0 1 17 5 0 1 31
0 0 2 3.6 1 0 2 6.0 2 0 2 9.1 3 0 2 13 4 0 2 21 5 0 2 43
0 0 3 5.4 1 0 3 8.0 2 0 3 12 3 0 3 16 4 0 3 25 5 0 3 58
0 0 4 7.2 1 0 4 10.0 2 0 4 14 3 0 4 20 4 0 4 30 5 0 4 76
0 0 5 9.0 1 0 5 12.0 2 0 5 16 3 0 5 23 4 0 5 36 5 0 5 95

0 1 0 1.8 1 1 0 4.0 2 1 0 6.8 3 1 0 11 4 1 0 17 5 1 0 33

0 1 1 3.6 1 1 1 6.1 2 1 1 9.2 3 1 1 14 4 1 1 21 5 1 1 46
0 1 2 5.5 1 1 2 8.1 2 1 2 12 3 1 2 17 4 1 2 26 5 1 2 64
0 1 3 7.3 1 1 3 10 2 1 3 14 3 1 3 20 4 1 3 31 5 1 3 84
0 1 4 9.1 1 1 4 12 2 1 4 17 3 1 4 23 4 1 4 36 5 1 4 110
0 1 5 11 1 1 5 14 2 1 5 19 3 1 5 27 4 1 5 42 5 1 5 130

0 2 0 3.7 1 2 0 6.1 2 2 0 9.3 3 2 0 14 4 2 0 22 5 2 0 49

0 2 1 5.5 1 2 1 8.2 2 2 1 12 3 2 1 17 4 2 1 26 5 2 1 70
0 2 2 7.4 1 2 2 10 2 2 2 14 3 2 2 20 4 2 2 32 5 2 2 95
0 2 3 9.2 1 2 3 12 2 2 3 17 3 2 3 24 4 2 3 38 5 2 3 120
0 2 4 11 1 2 4 15 2 2 4 19 3 2 4 27 4 2 4 44 5 2 4 150
0 2 5 13 1 2 5 17 2 2 5 22 3 2 5 31 4 2 5 50 5 2 5 180

0 3 0 5.6 1 3 0 8.3 2 3 0 12 3 3 0 17 4 3 0 27 5 3 0 79
0 3 1 7.4 1 3 1 10 2 3 1 14 3 3 1 21 4 3 1 33 5 3 1 110
0 3 2 9.3 1 3 2 13 2 3 2 17 3 3 2 24 4 3 2 39 5 3 2 140
0 3 3 11 1 3 3 15 2 3 3 20 3 3 3 28 4 3 3 45 5 3 3 180
0 3 4 13 1 3 4 17 2 3 4 22 3 3 4 31 4 3 4 52 5 3 4 210
0 3 5 15 1 3 5 19 2 3 5 25 3 3 5 35 4 3 5 59 5 3 5 250

0 4 0 7.5 1 4 0 11 2 4 0 15 3 4 0 21 4 4 0 34 5 4 0 130
0 4 1 9.4 1 4 1 13 2 4 1 17 3 4 1 24 4 4 1 40 5 4 1 170
0 4 2 11 1 4 2 15 2 4 2 20 3 4 2 28 4 4 2 47 5 4 2 220
0 4 3 13 1 4 3 17 2 4 3 23 3 4 3 32 4 4 3 54 5 4 3 280
0 4 4 15 1 4 4 19 2 4 4 25 3 4 4 36 4 4 4 62 5 4 4 350
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