Contents

 17.1 Complex Numbers

 17.2 Powers and Roots
 17.3 Sets in the Complex Plane
 17.4 Functions of a Complex Variable
 17.5 Cauchy-Riemann Equations
 17.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
 17.7 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
 17.8 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

Ch17_1
 17.1 Complex Numbers
DEFINITION 17.1
Complex Number
A complex number is any number of the z = a + ib
where a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary
units.
 z = x + iy, the real number x is called the real part and
y is called the imaginary part:
Re(z) = x, Im(z) = y

Ch17_2
 DEFINITION 17.2
Complex Number
Complex number z1  x1  iy1 and z2  x2  iy2 are
equal, z1  z2, if Re( z1 )  Re( z2 ) and Im( z1 )  Im( z2 )

 x + iy = 0 iff x = 0 and y = 0.

Ch17_3
 Arithmetic Operations

Suppose z1  x1  iy1, z2  x2  iy2

z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )  i ( y1  y2 )
z1  z2  ( x1  x2 )  i ( y1  y2 )
z1  z2  ( x1x2  y1 y2 )  i ( y1 x2  x1 y2 )
z1 x1x2  y1 y2 y1x2  x1 y2
 2 2
i 2 2
z2 x2  y2 x2  y2

Ch17_4
 Complex Conjugate

Suppose z  x  iy, z  x  iy, and

z1  z2  z1  z2
z1  z2  z1  z2
z1 z2  z1 z2
 z1  z1
 
 z2  z2

Ch17_5
 Two important equations

z  z  ( x  iy )  ( x  iy )  2 x (1)

zz  ( x  iy )( x  iy )  x 2  i 2 y 2  x 2  y 2 (2)

z  z  ( x  iy )  ( x  iy )  2iy (3)

and
zz zz
Re( z )  , Im( z ) 
2 2i

Ch17_6
 Geometric Interpretation
 Fig 17.1 is called the complex plane and a complex
number z is considered as a position vector.

Ch17_7
 DEFINITION 17.3
Modulus or Absolute Values
The modulus or absolute value of z = x + iy, denoted
by │z│, is the real number
| z |  x 2  y 2  zz

Ch17_8
 Example 3
If z = 2 − 3i, then
z  22  (3) 2  13
As in Fig 17.2, the sum of the vectors z1 and z2 is the
vector z1 + z2. Then we have
z1  z2  z1  z2 (5)
The result in (5) is also known as the triangle inequality
and extends to any finite sum:
z1  z2  ...  zn  z1  z2  ...  zn (6)
Using (5),
z1  z2  ( z2 )  z1  z2  z2
z1  z2  z1  z2 (7)
Ch17_9
Fig 17.2

Ch17_10
 17.2 Powers and Roots
 Polar Form
Referring to Fig 17.3, we have
z = r(cos  + i sin ) (1)
where r = |z| is the modulus of z and  is the argumen
t of z,  = arg(z). If  is in the interval − <   , it i
s called the principal argument, denoted by Arg(z).

Ch17_11
Fig 17.3

Ch17_12
 Example 1
Express 1  3i in polar form.
Solution
See Fig 17.4 that the point lies in the fourth quarter.
r  z  1  3i  1  3  2
 3 5
tan   ,  arg( z ) 
1 3
 5 5 
z  2 cos  i sin 
 3 3

Ch17_13
 Example 1 (2)
In addition, choose that − <   , thus  = −/3.

   
z  2cos( )  i sin( )
 3 3 

Ch17_14
Fig 17.4

Ch17_15
 Multiplication and Division
Suppose z1  r1 (cos1  i sin 1 )
　
z2  r2 (cos 2  i sin  2 )
Then
z1z2  r1r2 [(cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2 )
(2)
 i (sin 1 cos 2  cos1 sin  2 )]
for z2  0,
z1 r1
 [(cos1 cos 2  sin 1 sin  2 )
z2 r2
(3)
 i (sin 1 cos 2  cos1 sin  2 )]

Ch17_16
 From the addition formulas from trigonometry,
z1z2  r1r2 [cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 )]
(4)
z1 r1
 [cos(1   2 )  i sin(1   2 )]
z2 r2 (5)
Thus we can show
z1 | z1 |
| z1 z2 |  | z1 | | z2 | , , (6)
z2 | z2 |
 z1 
arg ( z1z2 )  arg z1  arg z2 , arg   arg z1  arg z2 (7)
 z2 

Ch17_17
Powers of z
z r (cos 2  i sin 2 )
2 2

z 3r 3(cos 3  i sin 3 )

z n  r n (cos n  i sin n ) (8)

Ch17_18
 Demoivre’s Formula
 When r = 1, then (8) becomes

(cos   i sin  ) n  cos n   i sin n (9)

Ch17_19
 Roots
 A number w is an nth root of a nonzero number z if w
n = z. If we let w =  (cos  + i sin ) and

z = r (cos  + i sin ), then

 n (cos n  i sin n )  r (cos  i sin  )
 n  r ,   r1 / n
cos n  cos , sin n  sin 
  2k
 , k  0,1,2,..., n  1
n
The root corresponds to k=0 called the principal nth roo
t.
Ch17_20
 Thus the n roots of a nonzero complex number
z = r (cos  + i sin ) are given by
1/ n     2k     2k 
wk  r cos  n   i sin  n  (10)

where k = 0, 1, 2, …, n – 1.

Ch17_21
 17.3 Sets in the Complex Plane
 Terminology
z  x  iy, z0  x0  iy0
z  z0  ( x  x0 ) 2  ( y  y0 ) 2

If z satisfies |z – z0| = , this point lies on a circle of

radius  centered at the point z0.

Ch17_22
 Example 1
(a) |z| = 1 is the equation of a unit circle centered at the
origin.
(b) |z – 1 – 2i|= 5 is the equation of a circle of radius 5
centered at 1 + 2i.

Ch17_23
 If z satisfies |z – z0| < , this point lies within (not on)
a circle of radius  centered at the point z0. The set is
called a neighborhood of z0, or an open disk.
 A point z0 is an interior point of a set S if there exists
some neighborhood of z0 that lies entirely within S.
 If every point of S is an interior point then S is an
open set. See Fig 17.7.

Ch17_24
Fig 17.7

Ch17_25
 Fig 17.8
 The graph of |z – (1.1 + 2i)| < 0.05 is shown in Fig
17.8. It is an open set.

Ch17_26
 Fig 17.9
 The graph of Re(z)  1 is shown in Fig 17.9. It is not
an open set.

Ch17_27
 Example 2
 Fig 17.10 illustrates some additional open sets.

Ch17_28
Example 2 (2)

Ch17_29
 If every neighborhood of z0 contains at least one point
that is in a set S and at least one point that is not in S,
z0 is said to be a boundary point of S. The boundary
of S is the set of all boundary points.
 If any pair of points z1 and z2 in an open set S can be
connected by a polygonal line that lies entirely in S is
said to be connected. See Fig 17.11. An open
connected set is called a domain.

Ch17_30
Fig17.11

Ch17_31
 A region is a domain in the complex plane with all,
some or none of its boundary points. Since an open
connected set does not contain any boundary points,
it is a region. A region containing all its boundary
points is said to be closed.

Ch17_32
 17.4 Functions of a Complex Variable

 Complex Functions
w  f ( z )  u ( x, y )  iv( x, y ) (1)

where u and v are real-valued functions.

Also, w = f(z) can be interpreted as a mapping or tran
sformation from the z-plane to the w-plane. See Fig 1
7.12.

Ch17_33
Fig 17.12

Ch17_34
 Example 1
Find the image of the line Re(z) = 1 under f(z) = z2.
Solution
f ( z )  z 2  ( x  iy ) 2
u ( x, y )  x 2  y 2 , v( x, y )  2 xy
Now Re(z) = x = 1, u = 1 – y2, v = 2y.
2
y  v / 2, then u  1  v / 4
See Fig 17.13.

Ch17_35
Fig 17.13

Ch17_36
 DEFINITION 17.4
Limit of a Function
Suppose the function f is defined in some neighborhood
of z0, except possibly at z0 itself. Then f is said to
possess a limit at z0, written
lim f ( z )  L
z  z0

if, for each  > 0, there exists a  > 0 such that

f ( z )  L   whenever 0  | z  z0 |   .

Ch17_37
 THEOREM 17.1
Limit of Sum, Product, Quotient
Suppose lim z  z0 f ( z )  L1 and lim z  z0 g ( z )  L2 .
Then

(i) lim [ f ( z )  g ( z )]  L1  L2
z  z0

(ii) lim f ( z ) g ( z )  L1L2

z  z0

f ( z ) L1
(iii) lim  , L2  0
z  z0 g ( z ) L2

Ch17_38
 DEFINITION 17.5
Continuous Function

A function f is continuous at a point z0 if

lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0

 A function f defined by
f ( z )  an z n  an1 z n1    a2 z 2  a1 z  a0 , an  0 (2)
where n is a nonnegative integer and ai, i = 0, 1, 2, …,
n, are complex constants, is called a polynomial of de
gree n.
Ch17_39
 DEFINITION 17.6
Derivative
Suppose the complex function f is defined in a
neighborhood of a point z0. The derivative of f at z0 is
f ( z0  z )  f ( z0 )
f ( z0 )  lim
z 0 z (3)
provided this limit exists.
 If the limit in (3) exists, f is said to be differentiable at
z0. Also,
if f is differentiable at z0, then f is continuous at z0.

Ch17_40
 Rules of differentiation
 Constant Rules:
d d (4)
c0, cf ( z )  cf ( z )
dz dz
 Sum Rules:
d (5)
[ f ( z )  g ( z )]  f ( z )  g ( z )
dz
 Product Rule:
d (6)
[ f ( z ) g ( z )]  f ( z ) g ( z )  g ( z ) f ( z )
dz

Ch17_41
 Quotient Rule:
d  f ( z )  g ( z ) f ( z )  f ( z ) g ( z ) (7)
  
d z  g ( z)  [ g ( z )]2
 Chain Rule:
d (8)
f ( g ( z ))  f ( g ( z )) g ( z )
dz
 Usual rule
d n (9)
z  nz n1 , n an integer
dz

Ch17_42
 Example 3
2
4 3 z
Differentiate (a) f ( z )  3z 5 z 2 z , (b) f ( z )  .
4z  1

Solution
(a) f '( z )  12 z 3  15 z 2  2
(4 z  1)2 z  z 4 4 z  2 z
2 2
(b) f '( z )  
(4 z  1) 2
(4 z  1) 2

Ch17_43
 Example 4
Show that f(z) = x + 4iy is nowhere differentiable.
Solution
With z  x  iy, we have
f ( z  z )  f ( z )
 ( x  x)  4i ( y  y )  x  4iy
And so
f ( z  z )  f ( z ) x  4iy
lim  lim (10)
z 0 z z 0 x  iy

Ch17_44
 Example 4 (2)
Now if we let z0 along a line parallel to the x-axis th
en y=0 and the value of (10) is 1. On the other hand, if
we let z0 along a line parallel to the y-axis then x=
0 and the value of (10) is 4. Therefore f(z) is not differen
tiable at any point z.

Ch17_45
 DEFINITION 17.7
Analyticity at a Point

A complex function w = f(z) is said to be analytic at

a point z0 if f is differentiable at z0 and at every point
in some neighborhood of z0.

 A function is analytic at every point z is said to be an

entire function. Polynomial functions are entire
functions.

Ch17_46
 17.5 Cauchy-Riemann Equations
THEOREM 17.2
Cauchy-Riemann Equations

Suppose f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is differentiable at a

point z = x + iy. Then at z the first-order partial
derivatives of u and v exists and satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations
u v u v
 and 
x y y x (1)

Ch17_47
 THEOREM 17.2 Proof
 Proof
Since f ’(z) exists, we know that
f ( z  z )  f ( z )
f ( z )  lim
z 0 z (2)
By writing f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), and z = x + iy,
form (2)

f ( z ) (3)
u ( x  x, y  y )  iv ( x  x, y  y )  u ( x, y )  iv ( x, y )
 lim
z 0 x  iy

Ch17_48
 THEOREM 17.2 Proof (2)
Since the limit exists, z can approach zero from any dir
ection. In particular, if z0 horizontally, then z = x
and (3) becomes
u ( x  x , y )  u ( x , y )
f ( z )  lim
x0 x (4)
v( x  x, y )  v( x, y )
 i lim
x  0 x
By the definition, the limits in (4) are the first partial der
ivatives of u and v w.r.t. x. Thus
u v
f ( z )   i
x x (5)

Ch17_49
 THEOREM 17.2 Proof (3)
Now if z0 vertically, then z = iy and (3) becomes
u ( x, y  y )  u ( x, y )
f ( z )  lim
y 0 iy
iv( x, y  y )  iv( x, y ) (6)
 lim
y 0 iy
which is the same as
u v
f ( z )  i  (7)
y y
Then we complete the proof.

Ch17_50
 Example 1
 The polynomial f(z) = z2 + z is analytic for all z and f
(z) = x2 − y2 + x + i(2xy + y). Thus u = x2 − y2 + x, v
= 2xy + y. We can see that
u v
 2x  1 
x y
u v
 2 y  
y x

Ch17_51
 Example 2
Show that f(z) = (2x2 + y) + i(y2 – x) is not analytic at an
y point.
Solution u v
 4 x and  2y
x y
u v
 1 and  1
y x
We see that u/y = −v/x but u/x = v/y is satisfie
d only on the line y = 2x. However, for any z on this lin
e, there is no neighborhood or open disk about z in whic
h f is differentiable. We conclude that f is nowhere analy
tic.
Ch17_52
 THEOREM 17.3
Criterion for Analyticity
Suppose the real-valued function u(x, y) and v(x, y) are
continuous and have continuous first-order partial
derivatives in a domain D. If u and v satisfy the
Cauchy-Riemann equations at all points of D, then the
complex function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic in D.

Ch17_53
 Example 3
x y
For the equation f ( z )  2 2
i 2 2
, we have
x y x y
u y2  x2 v
 2 
x ( x  y )2 2
y
u 2 xy v
 2 
y (x  y )2 2
x
That is, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied
except at the point x2 + y2 = 0, that is z = 0. We
conclude that f is analytic in any domain not containing
the point z = 0.
Ch17_54
 From (5) and (7), we have
u v v u
f ( z )   i   i (8)
x x y y
This is a formula to compute f ’(z) if f(z) is differentia
ble at the point z.

Ch17_55
 DEFINITION 17.8
Harmonic Functions
A real-valued function (x, y) that has continuous
second-order partial derivatives in a domain D and
satisfies Laplace’s equation is said to be harmonic in D.

THEOREM 17.4
A Source of Harmonic Functions
Suppose f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is analytic in a domain D.
Then the functions u(x, y) and v(x, y) are harmonic
functions.

Ch17_56
 THEOREM 17.4
Proof we assume u and v have continuous second order derivative
u v u v
 ,   , then
x y y x
 2u  2 v  2u  2v
 and 
x 2
xy y 2
yx
 2 u  2u
Thus 2
 2 0
x y
Similarly we have

 2v  2v
2
 2 0
x y
Ch17_57
 Conjugate Harmonic Functions
 If u and v are harmonic in D, and u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is an
analytic function in D, then u and v are called the conj
ugate harmonic function of each other.

Ch17_58
 Example 4
(a) Verify u(x, y) = x3 – 3xy2 – 5y is harmonic in the enti
re complex plane.
(b) Find the conjugate harmonic function of u.
Solution
2 2
u 2 2  u u  u
(a )  3 x  3 y , 2  6 x,  6 xy  5, 2  6 x
x x y y
 2u  2u
2
 2  6x  6x  0
x y

Ch17_59
 Example 4 (2)
v u 2 2 v u
(b)   3 x  3 y and   6xy  5
y x x y
Integrating the first one, v( x, y )  3 x 2 y  y 3  h( x)
v
and  6 xy  h' ( x), h' ( x)  5, h( x)  5 x  C
x
Thus v( x,y )  3 x 2 y  y 3  5 x  C

Ch17_60
 17.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

 Exponential Functions
Recall that the function f(x) = ex has the property

f ( x)  f ( x) and f ( x1  x2 )  f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) (1)
and the Euler’s formula is

eiy  cos y  i sin y, y : a real number (2)

Thus
e xiy  e x (cos y  i sin y )

Ch17_61
DEFINITION 17.9
Exponential Functions

x  iy
e e
z
 e (cos y  i sin y )
x
(3)

Ch17_62
 Example 1
Evaluate e1.7+4.2i.
Solution
e1.7 4.2i  e1.7 (cos 4.2  i sin 4.2)
 2.6873  4.7710i

Ch17_63
 Also we have
de z
 ez
dz
z1
z1  z2 e
z1 z2
e e e , z2  e z1  z2
e

Ch17_64
Periodicity

e z i 2  e z ei 2
 e (cos 2  i sin 2 )  e
z z

Ch17_65
Polar From of a Complex number

i
z  r (cos   i sin  )  re

Ch17_66
 Logarithm Function
 Given a complex number z = x + iy, z  0, we define
w = ln z if z = ew (5)
Let w = u + iv, then
u iv u u u
x  iy  e  e (cos v  i sin v)  e cos v  ie sin v
We have
x  eu cos v, y  eu sin v
and also
e2u  x 2  y 2  r 2 | z |2 , u  log e | z |
y
tan v  , v    2n ,   arg z, n  0,  1,  2,...
x

Ch17_67
 DEFINITION 17.10
Logarithm of a Complex Number
For z  0, and  = arg z,

ln z  loge | z | i (  2n ) , n  0,  1,  2,  (6)

Ch17_68
 Example 2
Find the values of (a) ln (−2) (b) ln i, (c) ln (−1 – i ).
Solution
(a )   arg(2)   , loge | 2 | 0.6932
ln(2)  0.6932  i (  2n )

(b)   arg(i )  , loge 1  0
2

ln(i )  i (  2n )
2 5
(c)   arg(1  i )  , loge | 1  i | loge 2  0.3466
4
5
ln(1  i )  0.3466  i (  2n )
4 Ch17_69
 Example 3
Find all values of z such that e z  3  i.
Solution

z  ln( 3  i ),| 3  i | 2, arg( 3  i ) 
6

z  ln( 3  i )  log e 2  i (  2n )
6

 0.6931  i (  2n )
6

Ch17_70
 Principal Value
 Ln z  loge | z | iArg z (7)

Since Arg z  ( ,  ] is unique, there is only one value o

f Ln z for which z  0.

Ch17_71
 Example 4
 The principal values of example 2 are as follows.
(a ) Arg(2)  
Ln (2)  0.6932  i
 
(b) Arg(i )  , Ln (i )  i
2 2
5
(c) Arg(1  i )  is not the principal value.
4
3
Let n  1, then Ln (1  i )  0.3466  i
4

Ch17_72
 Example 4 (2)
 Each function in the collection of ln z is called a bran
ch. The function Ln z is called the principal branch or
the principal logarithm function.

 Some familiar properties of logarithmic function hold

in complex case:
ln( z1 z2 )  ln z1  ln z2
z1
ln( )  ln z1  ln z2 (8)
z2

Ch17_73
 Example 5
Suppose z1 = 1 and z2 = −1. If we take ln z1 = 2i,
ln z2 = i, we get
ln( z1z2 )  ln(1)  ln z1  ln z2  3i
z1
ln( )  ln(1)  ln z1  ln z2  i
z2

Ch17_74
 Analyticity
 The function Ln z is not analytic at z = 0, since Ln 0 i
s not defined. Moreover, Ln z is discontinuous at all p
oints of the negative real axis. Since Ln z is the princi
pal branch of ln z, the nonpositive real axis is referred
to as a branch cut. See Fig 17.19.

Ch17_75
Fig 17.91

Ch17_76
 It is left as exercises to show
d 1
Ln z  (9)
dz z
for all z in D (the complex plane except those on the
non-positive real axis).

Ch17_77
 Complex Powers
 In real variables, we have x  e ln x .
If  is a complex number, z = x + iy, we have

z  e ln z , z  0 (10)

Ch17_78
 Example 6
Find the value of i2i.
Solution
With z  i, arg z   / 2,   2i, from (9),
2i 2i[loge 1i ( / 2 2 n )] (1 4 n )
i e e
where n  0,  1,  2,...

Ch17_79
 17.7 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

 Trigonometric Functions
From Euler’s Formula, we have
eix  e ix eix  e ix
sin x  cos x  (1)
2i 2

Ch17_80
 DEFINITION 17.11
Trigonometric Sine and Cosine
For any complex number z = x + iy,
eiz  e iz eiz  e iz (2)
sin z  cos z 
2i 2
 Four additional trigonometric functions:
sin z 1
tan z  , cot z  ,
cos z tan z (3)
1 1
sec z  , csc z 
cos z sin z
Ch17_81
 Analyticity
 Since eiz and e-iz are entire functions, then sin z and co
s z are entire functions. Besides, sin z = 0 only for the
real numbers z = n and cos z = 0 only for the real nu
mbers z = (2n+1)/2. Thus tan z and sec z are analytic
except z = (2n+1)/2, and cot z and
csc z are analytic except z = n.

Ch17_82
 Derivatives
 d d eiz  e iz eiz  e iz
sin z    cos z
dz dz 2i 2

Similarly we have
d d
sin z  cos z cos z   sin z
dz dz
d d
tan z  sec2 z cot z   csc 2 z (4)
dz dz
d d
sec z  sec z tan z csc z   csc z cot z
dz dz

Ch17_83
 Identities

sin( z )   sin z cos( z )  cos z

cos 2 z  sin 2 z  1
sin( z1  z2 )  sin z1 cos z2  cos z1 sin z2
cos( z1  z2 )  cos z1 cos z2 sin z1 sin z2
sin 2 z  2 sin z cos z cos 2 z  cos 2 z  sin 2 z

Ch17_84
 Zeros
 If y is real, we have
y y y y
e e e e
sinh y  and cosh y 
2 2 (5)
From Definition 11.17 and Euler’s formula
ei ( xiy )  e i ( x iy )
sin z 
2i
e y  e y e y  e y
 sin x( )  i cos x( )
2 2

Ch17_85
Thus we have

sin z  sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y (6)

and
cos z  cos x cosh y  i sin x sinh y (7)

From (6) and (7) and cosh2y = 1 + sinh2y

| sin z |2  sin 2 x  sinh 2 y (8)

| cos z |2  cos 2 x  sinh 2 y (9)

Ch17_86
 Example 1
 From (6) we have

sin(2  i )  sin 2 cosh1  i cos 2 sinh 1

 1.4301  0.4891i

Ch17_87
 Example 2
Solve cos z = 10.
Solution iz
e e iz
cos z   10
2
e 2iz  20eiz  1  0, eiz  10  3 11
iz  loge (10  3 11)  2ni
Since loge (10  3 11)   loge (10  3 11)

we have
z  2n  i loge (10  3 11)

Ch17_88
 DEFINITION 17.12
Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine
For any complex number z = x + iy,
e z  e z e z  e z (10)
sinh z  cosh z 
2 2
 Additional functions are defined as
sinh z 1
tanh z  coth z 
cosh z tanh z (11)
1 1
sec h z  csc h z 
cosh z sinh z
Ch17_89
 Similarly we have
d
sinh z  cosh z and d cosh z  sinh z (12)
dz dz
sin z  i sinh(iz ) , cos z  cosh(iz ) (13)

sinh z  i sin(iz ) , cosh z  cos(iz ) (14)

Ch17_90
 Zeros
 sinh z  i sin iz  i sin(  y  ix )
 i[sin( y ) cosh x  i cos( y ) sinh x]
Since sin(−y) = − sin y, cos(−y) = cos y, then
sinh z  sinh x cos y  i cosh x sin y (15)

cosh z  cosh x cos y  i sinh x sin y (16)

It also follows from (14) that the zeros of sinh z and c
osh z are respectively,

z = ni and z = (2n+1)i/2, n = 0, 1, 2, ….

Ch17_91
 Periodicity
 From (6),
sin( z  2i )
 sin( x  iy  2 )
 sin( x  2 ) cosh y  i cos( x  2 ) sinh y
 sin x cosh y  i cos x sinh y  sin z
The period is then 2.

Ch17_92
 17.8 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic
Functions

 Inverse Sine
We define
z  sin w if w  sin 1 z (1)
From (1),
eiw  eiw
 z , e  2ize  1  0
2 iw iw

2i
eiw  iz  (1  z 2 )1/2 (2)

Ch17_93
 Solving (2) for w then gives

sin 1 z  i ln[iz  (1  z 2 )1/ 2 ] (3)

Similarly we can get

1 2 1/ 2
cos z  i ln[ z  i (1  z ) ] (4)

1 i iz
tan z  ln (5)
2 iz

Ch17_94
 Example 1
Find all values of sin 1 5.
Solution
From (3),
sin 1 5  i ln[ 5i  (1  ( 5) 2 )1/ 2 ]
2 1/ 2 1/ 2
(1  ( 5) )  (4)  2i
sin 1 5  i ln[( 5  2)i ]

 i[loge ( 5  2)  (  2n )i ],
2
n  0,  1,  2,...

Ch17_95
 Example 1 (2)
Noting that
1
log e ( 5  2)  log e   log e ( 5  2).
52
Thus for n  0,  1,  2,...

1 
sin 5   2n  i loge ( 5  2) (6)
2

Ch17_96
 Derivatives
 If we define w = sin-1z, z = sin w, then
d d dw 1
z sin w gives 
dz dz dz cos w
Using cos 2 w  sin 2 w  1, cos w  (1  sin 2 w)1/ 2
 (1  z 2 )1/ 2 , thus
d 1 1
sin z 
dz (1  z 2 )1/ 2 (7)
d 1 1
cos z  2 1/ 2 (8)
dz (1  z )
d 1 1
tan z  2 (9)
dz 1 z Ch17_97
 Example 2
Find the derivative of w = sin-1 z at z = 5.
Solution
(1  ( 5) 2 )1/ 2  (4)1/ 2  2i
dw 1 1 1
z 5  2 1/ 2
  i
dz (1  ( 5) ) 2i 2

Ch17_98
 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
 Similarly we have

sinh 1 z  ln[ z  ( z 2  1)1/ 2 ] (10)

1
cosh z  ln[ z  ( z 2  1)1/ 2 ] (11)

11 1 z (12)
tanh z  ln
2 1 z
d
sinh 1 z  2 1 1/ 2 (13)
dz ( z  1)

Ch17_99
d 1
cosh z  2
1
1/ 2 (14)
dz ( z  1)
d 1 1 (15)
tanh z 
dz 1  z2

Ch17_100
 Example 3
Find all values of cosh-1(−1).
Solution
From (11),
cosh 1 (1)  ln(1)  loge 1  (  2n )i
 (  2n )i  (2n  1)i
n  0,  1,  2,...

Ch17_101