Selection of Materials and

Processes

PART - 2

Dr. SAMARBIJAY SARKAR

Emeritus Professor

Metallurgy & Materials Science

College of Engineering Pune
Ball Bearing and Tapered Roller Bearing
 Stresses in Bearings
• Linear bearings that use balls or rollers to carry a
load are subjected to Hertz contact stresses —
a type of material stress that plays a significant role
in determining the bearing’s load capacity and
fatigue life.

• When two surfaces of different radii are in contact and a

load is applied (even an extremely small load), a small
contact area is formed, and the surfaces experience
very high stresses. These stresses are known as Hertz
(or Hertizian) contact stresses. In rolling element linear
bearings, Hertz contact stresses occur on the balls (or
cylinders) and the raceways.
• In theory, the contact between two spheres occurs at a point, and the
contact between two cylinders occurs as a line. In either case — point or
line contact — the resulting pressure between the two surfaces would be
infinite and the surfaces would experience immediate yielding. But in real-
world applications, when two surfaces are pressed together with a force,
some elastic deformation occurs at each surface, and a contact area is
formed. The stresses that occur on the two surfaces may still be very high
— sufficient to initiate spalling or other forms of failure — but they are no
longer infinite.

• The analysis of Hertzian contact stresses relies on four primary

assumptions:

•  – The surfaces are smooth and frictionless

 – The bodies are isotropic  and elastic
 – The contact area is small relative to the sizes of the bodies in contact
 – The strains on the bodies are small and within the elastic limit
Stresses in Bearings
Gear System
 Engineering Stress – Strain Curve

• Engineering Strain – Strain curve gives basic information on the

strength of materials as well as acceptable tests for preparing
specifications for materials to be used for construction of various
components
• In the stress – strain diagram, the stress is calculated by dividing
load by the original cross section of the specimen
• P
• Stress = ---------------
A₀
• Elongation ΔL L - L₀
The strain is the = ------------------- = ------- = ---------
Original length L₀ L₀
• Tensile strength  Maximum load divided by the original cross
sectional area
P max
UTS S = ----------
A₀
This is a very useful property of a material for designing a product.
However, under practical condition the stress level and
distribution are very complex. Hence, a factor is safety is used to
make the design simple.
 Mechanical Properties
Elastic behaviour , Plastic behaviour & Fracture of materials

Mechanical Metallurgy : G.E. Dieter