HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Shoaib Muhammad
DEFINITION

 It is the type of surveying which deals with any body of still or running water. Such
as lake, stream or river.
 It is used for the determination of :
1. Shore line
2. Depth of bed
3. Navigation chart preparation
4. Locating mean sea level
5. Scouring and silting
6. Tide measurement
7. River and stream discharge measurement
CONTROL

 Horizontal Control (location/position/coordinates of apparatus):

 The purpose of establishing H.C is to prevent excessive
accumulation of error.
 H.C forms the skeleton of the survey from which the contour and the
location are located.
 Vertical Control:
 Determining the elevation of the same horizontal control points.
 The objective of V.C is to determine the elevation of the control
station or to establish B.M near them
SHORE LINE SURVEY

Having established the control, the next step is

 To determine the shore line
 Locating the shore details
 Locating prominent topographic features, light houses etc.
 To determine the high and low water lines for average tides.

The points of reference should be those which are clearly visible from the water
surface and which are near enough.
RIVER SURVEY

 The survey of a shore line of a river is usually made by running a transit and tape
traverse on the shore at a convenient distance from the edge of water.
 The points where there is appreciable change in the direction of the shore line are
then located by tape offsets from the traverse lines.
 If the river is narrow, a single transit and tape traverse is run on one bank and both
banks are located by PT.
 If the river is wide, it is necessary to run traverse on both banks and locate each
shore line by PT from its traverse.
SOUNDINGS

 The measurement of depth below the water surface is called sounding. The objective of
making sounding is to determine the configuration of bottom of the body of water.
 Soundings are required for
1. The preparation of chart for navigation.
2. Determine the quantity of the material dredged
3. Design of works such as break water , sea walls,etc…
SOUNDINGS

 A transducer initiates a sonic pulse. The sound wave propagates through the water and a
receiver detects the return pulse. A basic technique of depth measurement is using a
Single Beam Echo Sounder (SBES). An echo sounder performs the following operations;
• Transmit Sound
• Measure round trip travel time.
• Use sound speed to get distance
 The depth (or distance) is computed from the two-way travel time as
 Distance= (Time*Speed)/2
 The transducer interfaces with the depth sounder which outputs a profile of the
bathymetry or “bottom return”.
GAUGES

• Since the elevation of the water surface which is taken as level surface of reference
is continually varying in tidal waters, it is necessary to ascertain the water level at
the time each sounding is made by taking TIDE GAUGE READINGS at regular
intervals of time during the period of soundings so that the observed sounding can
be reduced to the datum.
• Datum: Mean sea level at a certain place is adopted as a datum for levelling.
1. Observations for one year (Accurate work)
2. Observations for one lunar month (Ordinary Purposes)
 TYPES OF GAUGES

Difference between Non

Registering and
Registering gauges
STAFF GAUGE
STAFF GAUGE

 The type of gauge which is most common use is the staff gauge.
 It consists of a board 15cm to 25cm wide painted white and graduated to m and cm.
 It should be of such a length that the readings at the highest and lowest tide can be
taken.
 The graduations are in black and bold so that they can be read from a distance.
 It should be firmly fixed in a vertical position in the water and secured to a
stationary object such as wall.