http://www.kw.igs.net/~jackord/bp/n2.

html
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/waves/string.html
www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/misc/phys102/PH102chap03.ppt

Chapter 3
Transverse standing waves
Resonance and the Overtone Series
Mersenne’s laws
Longitudinal standing waves
Other standing waves and applications
Identical
waves
moving
in
opposite
directions
Motion of the spring
Motion
of
point
along
the
spring
Stretched strings
End effects
Standing wave representation
Impossible “standing waves”
 Standing Waves
in a Stretched String
 Stretched String
Frequencies and Wavelengths
f=v/λ
N=1 λ = 2L f = v/2L = f1
N=2 λ= L f = v/L = 2f1
N=3 λ = 2L/3 f = 3v/2L = 3f1
N=4 λ = L/2 f = 2v/L = 4f1
N=5 λ = 2L/5 f = 5v/2L = 5f1
N=6 λ = L/3 f = 3v/L = 6f
Notes of the Overtone Series
 Mersenne’s Laws

f = fundamental frequency
L = length of string
F = tension in string
W = mass per unit length of string
Mersenne’s First Law
f α 1/L
F and W constant

If L => 2 L
then f => ??
If L => L / 2
then f => ??
Mersenne’s First Law
f α 1/L
F and W constant

If L => 2 L
then f => f / 2
If L => L / 2
then f => 2 f
Mersenne’s Second Law
f α √F
L and W constant

If F => 9 F
then f => ??
If F => F / 4
then f => ??
Mersenne’s Second Law
f α √F
L and W constant

If F => 9 F
then f => 3 f
If F => F / 4
then f => f / 2
Mersenne’s Third Law
f α 1/ √W
F and L constant

If W => 4 W
then f => ??
If W => W / 9
then f => ??
Mersenne’s Third Law
f α 1/ √W
F and L constant

If W => 4 W
then f => f / 2
If W => W / 9
then f => 3 f
Rope Wave Example

110 grams => 3 loops

(frequency f)
What happens with 990 grams?
Rope Wave Example
990 grams => 1 loop
(frequency f and wavelength λ)
What mass will produce
Wavelength λ/2?
Rope Wave Example
990 grams => 1 loop
(frequency f and wavelength λ)
Mass of 250 grams will produce
wavelength λ/2.
 Nanoguitar
Silicon strings:
length 6 – 12 microns
diameter 150 – 200 nanometers

http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/nov03/nemsguitar.ws.html
Nanoguitar
Longitudinal Standing Waves
Kundt’s tube
Air Columns
End effects
“End Effect” Experiment
End at right “open”

End at right “closed”

 End configurations for tubes
1. Phase change at open and closed ends
 End configurations for tubes
2. Node or antinode at open and closed ends
Open
Tubes
 “Open” Tube
Frequencies and Wavelengths
f=v/λ
N=1 λ= 2Lo f = v/2Lo = fo
N=2 λ= Lo f = v/Lo = 2fo
N=3 λ= 2Lo/3 f = 3v/2Lo = 3fo
N=4 λ= 2Lo/4 f = 4v/2Lo = 4fo
N=5 λ= 2Lo/5 f = 5v/2Lo = 5fo
N=6 λ= 2L /6 f = 6v/2L = 6f
Closed
Tubes
 “Closed” Tube
Frequencies and Wavelengths
f=v/λ
N=1 λ = 4Lc f = v/4Lc = fc
N=2 does not exist .
N=3 λ = 4Lc/3 f = 3v/4Lc = 3fc
N=4 does not exist .
N=5 λ = 4Lc/5 f = 5v/4Lc = 5fc
N=6 does not exist .
Open and Closed Tube Comparison
Tube Quiz
Fundamental Frequency

Open and Closed Tubes

If Lo = Lc what is fo : fc

If Lo = 2Lc what is fo : fc
Closed Tube
Resonances
Applications
to
Musical
Instruments
The Flute
The Recorder
 Actual Recorder
Finger Hole Positions
The Clarinet
The Saxophone
The Trumpet
Various Standing Waves
Flame Tube
Aluminum Rod
Velocity of Sound in Aluminum
Chladni Plates (photos)
Chladni Plates
Violin Body Vibrations
 Standing Waves
in a Membrane

Rectangular Membrane Applet

Circular Membrane Applet

 Beaker Breaker
using sound wave resonance

Teacup Standing Waves

Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse
 The End
Any Questions?