CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Education is subject to revival. Education is that the amendment in attitudes of an
individual per the ideology of a nation. As a Muslim society, our philosophy or our ideology is
Islam. The foremost necessary role is that of the teacher. During this sense, if the teacher's role is
weaker or stronger than Muslim initiatives, it'll have an effect on the new generation. The role of
Teacher’s within the face of worldwide amendment is of nice importance per their ideology.
Ideological nations live for ideology. If their ideologies disappear, then they stop to exist.
Teacher’s are unit a number of the foremost influential individuals in society and have
nice importance in modern society. Teacher bears the responsibility of molding students’
personalities and educating them. It’s as a result of this necessary role of Teacher’s that Islam
has granted such position and rights to Teacher’s. Islam has paid extended attention to Teacher’s
and has granted them one in all the best ranks in society.
A Leader may it be in different strokes or folks, from North to South, Black or White, Muslim or
Christian or how different one seem to be, it just says one thing – SERVICE FOR HUMANITY.
A True Leader does not seek for his own interest but for the best welfare of others. He does not
serve for himself but for what God made him to do so. It is only God, Allah or may it be other
different names that you call HIM that tells our purpose and mission in this world. As Morshed
Abul Ala would define Islamic Leadership, “It is leading and serving humanity to the way of
Allah the Almighty”. This definition just shows our commonality.
Styles of leadership
Much research has been conducted on leadership in education. Researchers have investigated
various approaches to leadership practice. According to the review of Leadwood and his
colleagues (Coleman & Earley, 2005) there are six broad categories or styles of leadership which
represent the models of leadership in educational institutions:
 Instructional leadership
 Transformational leadership
 Moral leadership
 Participative leadership
 Managerial leadership
 Contingent leadership
Leadership Styles and Qualities
• Greatest Conqueror
• Honesty and truthfulness
• Equality and fairness
• Compliance and observance
• Freedom of opinion
• Justice and integrity
• Administration
• Personality and nature
• Great scholar
The importance of the personality and characteristics of a leader:
Leader is the symbol of the organization and represents its nature and quality.
Leader is the center of authority.
Leader is the driving force for the Jamaah.
Detailed Characteristics
Taqwah with excellent conduct and character. This is to be done through a constant struggle to
develop:

A. close relation with Allah (SWT)

B. love of the Prophet (SAW), Sahaba and Ulama
C. concern and fear of the accountability in the Akhirah.
Knowledge and practice of Islam, administrative experience, and wisdom (hikmah) of
leadership. Wisdom (hikmah) includes the following:

A. Understanding the specific thinking and situation of individuals and deal with them at
their level.
B. Knowing how to perform best with the best abilities and talents and deal with the
difficulties in the way
C. Know the circumstances and makes an appropriate strategy
D. In depth understanding of the deen and its application in the changing environment.
Establishing Al Islam is the true objective of his life. He must have true love and priority for his
mission and the Jamaah. And must be an example of utmost sacrifice for this mission.

Honesty , integrity and trustworthiness, with history of selfless service.

Competence. He should have the critical skills of leadership, i.e., observation, analysis, coaching,
recognizing the potentials, delegation, feed back.

Decision making ability after appropriate consultation and then ability to implement the decision.

1. Ability to motivate and discipline when necessary.

2. He should be flexible in his attitude with Hikmah depending upon the situation but he should
be firm in his decisions and zeal to move to the objectives.
3. Humility and recognition of his limitations.
4. Ability to speak, write and use modern techniques of communication.
5. Good physical health.

All the Prophets compete the role of an educator by teaching and guiding their nations
towards the faith Allah and morality. This mechanically raises the standing of Teacher’s to
greatness, since it absolutely was the profession of the Holy Prophets. The Prophet cared for
Teacher’s and showed their elevated standings. Once, he passed two circles of people; the
primary was supplicating to Allah whereas the opposite being attentive to an educator. He
commented, “The first is begging Allah who may or may not give them. The second was
learning. I have been sent as a teacher.” Hence, he joined the second. The standing and role of
Teacher’s in Islam is nonmoving within the Qur’anic thought of data and its importance. The
primary verses aforesaid to own been discovered to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) contain the
command “Read!” (Q96:1) and additionally declare that Allah teaches humanity “by the pen”
(Q96:4). Finding out and promulgating information, particularly spiritual information, is
delineated as a community responsibility that's a vital a part of mobilizing for the reason behind
Allah. (Q9:122).(Sa’adu Isa, Sambo, & Bello)
Islam lays nice stress on information. At varied times and instances have Allah ordered
the Muslims to accumulate information and learn. The rationale why angels were asked to bow
before humans was as a result of humans had bigger information. So, if Islam lies such stresses
on information, what quantity wouldn’t it respect those who imparted knowledge? Teachers,
thus, have one in all the best statuses in Islam.(A'la Mawdudi, 2013)
Abu Hurairah,(may Allah pleased with him) said, ”I detected Messenger of Allah say, the
globe is cursed, that is in it's cursed, except thikr Allah (remembering Allah) and what follows it,
or a scholarly person, or a student. In another spoken communication connected by Ad-Daarimi
Kab said, “The world is cursed which that is in its cursed except an educator of khair and a
student of it.”
The best of information is that the knowledge of the Qur’an. Messenger of Allah(PBUH) said,
“The better of you're the scholars of the Qur’an and also the Teachers of It.” during a hadith
connected by Tirmithi, Messenger of Allah(PBUH) said, “He isn't us who doesn't respect our
old, is merciful to our youth, and is aware of the rights of these who teach us.(Khan, 2014)
Connected by Ibn Abdul Barr, the Holy prophet (PBUH) said: “You shouldn't purpose to him
[teacher] along with your hands; you ought to not say, ’so then said one thing completely
different than what you said.”(Chittick, 2010)
Surah An-Noor (63) said: “Do not make the calling of the messenger among you as your
calling one of another”. Since the Holy prophet (PBUH) was additionally an educator, this shows
however Teacher ought to be revered. The Prophet (S.A.W.), said: “Learned discussions enliven
the dead hearts provided they lead to Allah and his commands”. The Holy Qur’an says:
“Whoever is given knowledge and information is blessed bounties in smart abundance”. (Surah
al-Baqarah, 2:272). The Prophet (S.A.W.), said: “The best monuments and legacies that a person
leaves behind him are an obedient son, helpful buildings, information and knowledge that are
benefited by the people after him”.(Reeves & Stewart, 2003)
Imam Ja’far Sadiq, (A.S.), said: “Knowledge and action are related to one another as a
result of whoever possesses information acts upon it and also the information and knowledge of
the one who puts them into follow remains uninjured. Knowledge is a Divine voice that
invitations its bearer to impact it. If he accepts its invite and acts his information lasts however if
he doesn't provides a positive response it forsakes him”.
Imam Ja’far Sadiq, (A.S.) additionally said: “Your teacher enjoys the right over you that
you just ought to honour him and pay him respect in numerous assemblies. You ought to be
terribly alert to his words. You ought to not raise your voice on top of his. If anybody asks him a
matter you ought to not provide a reply to it. You ought to not converse with others in his
presence and you ought to permit the individuals to profit from his information. You ought to not
speak unwell of anyone before him. If anybody speaks unwell of him in your presence you ought
to defend him. You ought to conceal his shortcomings and convey his virtues to lightweight. You
ought to not go along with his enemies and may not dispute together with his friends. If you act
on these lines the angels Allah can testify that you just have paid attention to him and have no
inheritable information for the sake Allah and to not attract the eye of the individuals and also
the right of your pupils on you is that you just ought to realise that in granting you information
and gap its path for you, Allah has appointed you to be their guardian. . In case, so you teach
them properly and don't frighten them and don't seem to be furious with them Allah can, through
His kindness, increase your information. However if you drive the folks aloof from information
and as and after they approach you for it you frighten them and acquire aggravated with them it'll
be solely applicable that Almighty Allah might remove the sunshine of data from you and should
degrade you within the eyes of the people”. The Holy Qu’ran says: “Allah elevates to high
positions those from amongst you who are faithful and those who have acquired knowledge”.
(Surah al-Mujadilah, 58:11)(Samah & Akmar, 2015)
The Prophet (S.A.W.) said: “Sleep of a scholar is superior to at least one thousand rak’ats
of prayers offered by a devout person”. leader Ja’far Sadiq, (A.S.), said: “On the Day of
Judgment Allah will be pleased with a person who honors and respects a Muslim scholar, and he
will be annoyed with one who insults a Muslim scholar”.(Zubair & Azhar, 2014)
All these sayings by Allah, the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Imams show however elevated
and extremely regarded the standing of lecturers is in Islam. They enjoy high ranks and rights,
and students ought to certify that they provide lecturers their due respect and rights.
The idea of leadership is approached thorough numerous points of views as well as body,
army, community and non-secular or from business views. The author discusses the idea of
Leadership as determined through literature survey concerning the Leadership qualities of our
beloved Holy Prophet Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) and his Shaba (R.A). The key word “lead”
suggests that “to show the pathway”. The leader will drive persons forward with a vision to
accomplish common objectives. A true leader should have some universal inevitable
characteristics such as assurance, trait, communication skills, compassion, hopefulness,
promising, so much vision, Passion / honesty, Humility, emotional quotient, drawback
problem solver, empowerment the authority, appraising, training, Succession Management and
then on. This paper conjointly addresses at length concerning the examples taken from Qur’anic
verses and the lifetime of our beloved Holy Prophet (SAW) and the sensible examples taken
from some of the far-famed business empires of the globe. Combining all the 3 sources, at the
top of the paper, the author proposes an abstract framework for a good leader. Objectives of this
study square measure first off, to outline the key attributes of leadership derived from the Holy
Prophet (SAW), the sahaba and also the Quran. Now the Qualities explain for a good teacher as a
role model has been derived from Islamic perspective.
Character as a Role Model
The Prophet said, “Mark your personality decent for the people.” An honest leader has
model personality. A leader ought to be far-famed to be upright and honest altogether his
matters. Smart leader ought to have the aptitude to be a leader; he ought to have timeless
commitment to his vision and a good temperament and be able to affect personnel, clients,
suppliers, regulators and also the wide-ranging folks inside that they perform. The character
attributes of good manners, fairness, tractability, benevolence, selflessness, honesty, liableness,
strategic thinking best signify the options of a nice Leader.
Sincerity / Positive Attitude:
Sincerity is that the production of the merchandise of iman; a sincere individual can have
true belief in Allah and his courier and every one of his actions / deeds are for the sake of
delightedness of Allah and his Rasool (SAW). A sincere leader can never care for his own
specific desires however his concentration can be focused towards achieving the common goals
of the general public, society and also the organization itself. Lack of iman in a very person ends
up in dangerous leadership which can be recognized by, half-heartedness, stinginess,
greediness, ineffective communication associate degreed an authoritarian approach.
Firmness
The Holy Prophet’s (SAW) task was to institute associate degree impartial and compliant
humanity. The social group leaders of Makkah were associate degree prestigious hindrance in his
mission. Once the Holy Prophet (SAW) communicated concerning inclination, the prestigious
merchants of Makkah originated enforce cruelty on Him his sahaba. All feebler segments of
humanity had gathered around the Holy Prophet (SAW). The Holy Prophet’s (SAW) strongest
quality was morality. Then Allah selected Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) to encounter Him for His
own closeness, perceived him too distinguished to endure in this world. Thus He sketched
him towards Himself with morality.
Truthfulness
A leader have to be compelled to be truthful; his communications and demands shouldn't
be unpredictable and outdoors the realities of life. He should assume through the state of affairs
abutting him and his communal as they primarily square measure. Realism is predicated on the
managing of the pursuit, possession and solicitation of ascendance. The likelihood of
distinctiveness in policies between certainty and opinion-between what's factual quantitatively
and realistically, strengthened by substantiation associate degreed lightened by intention and
what's solely an freelance finding, detached from the evidences as they're and familiar by
partiality and aspiring thought. Worthy intentions offer declaration against deliberately
dangerous strategies; they are doing not promise the moral goodness and radical accomplishment
of the plans they inspire.
Reliability
Leaders are required to care about their co-workers in the instants that matter. “The
motive trust is vital is for the reason that when we’re surrounded by individual who consider
what we trust, we’re more self-confident to take risks,”.(Jamil, 2015) The New Jersey native
said. Steve Jobs, who worked at Apple, Howard Schultz, who worked for Starbucks, and
Michael Dell, who left Dell, were all specialists who were great at what they did as well as,
additionally drove their organizations to the top by embracing representations that they got
everybody at their foundations to have confidence in them. Their motivation underscored by the
way that the greater part of their ventures required. It is one thing to be an always of feat agent;
however it's a very surprising to couple the impact of certainty.
Selflessness
Selflessness involves Leaders to place others' welfares ahead of their own. Ping Fu, AN
establishing individual from driblet Geomagic, a North Carolina-based propelled programming
organization, may be a pioneer UN agency shows capability for benevolence. Fu tackled the half
of chief executive officer in 2001 once the association’s maintainability was uncovered. The
business understood of money and also the hypothesis capital markets were changing into scarce.
Below Fu's authority, varied cost-cutting creativities were dead, including lying off an outsized
portion of the organization's staff. The people who preserved took pay cuts. In her
determinations to spare the business, Fu advanced the organization money with a specific finish
goal to pay its laborers, she went while not a pay till the firm recovered. Driblet Geomagic
member Peter Fuss acknowledges Fu’s personal sacrifices. He says she laden noteworthy time
and was robust minded in her determinations to reorganize the business.
Ethics
The Prophet’s expressions of ethics area unit brazenly joined to his confidence and
association with the data of the Divine. Reality and belief is significant to any reasonably
leadership. It is the primary theme and plays an important role in all varieties of leadership.
Even when being appointed as a Prophet, Hazrat Muhammad (SAW) was referred to as Al Sadiq
Al Amin: the honest and truthful.
Loyalty
One of the descriptions of leadership is to possess people track you. It’s to require people
from purpose A to purpose B, to demonstrate them visual image and stimulate them to follow
you in order to accomplish the needed targets. The Holy Prophet (SAW) went home to his
woman Hazrat Khadija (R.A.A) and since of their association, that was antecedently primarily
based on reliance and trait, there was no uncertainty in her concentration that what the Prophet
represented was factual and that it wasn’t a dream. Additionally once the prophet went to
Abu Bakr (RAA) it absolutely was the same-thing. Abu Bakr while not reluctance was excited to
tail him as a result of the right-handed him intensely. Commitment and solidarity are the
important constituents of loyalty. If we can take that specific feature of the lifetime of our Holy
Prophet (SAW) and relate it reception and place of labor we are going to see that we tend to are
endorsing talents of visionary leadership.
Passion
Passion is concerning strength and passionate temperament to making the greatest
individual will. Skilled passion may be a sign of a firm’s managing ideologies and edges others
classify the indispensable philosophies of the business. The company expression of a high
hierarchical Fortune international five hundred company Unilever is “Your passion, our
distinctiveness, indicates total obligation to unequalled criterions of enactment and turnout, to
operative composed professionally and to keenness to carry new musings and to find out
progressively".
Role of Teacher
 Teachers broadly speaking, the function of teachers is to help students learn by imparting
knowledge to them and by setting up a situation in which students can and will learn effectively.
Although teacher high standing in the society however at the same time some responsibilities are
assigned to the lecturers that they are supposed to think about by activity their duties. The Holy
al-Qur'an and also the Hadiths provide variety of directions to the lecturers. “As a part of the
mercy of Allah, you cope with them gently; if you were cut off and hardhearted, they might have
broken aloof from you.” (Al-Imran, 3:159) (Khan, 2014). This verse of the Holy al-Qur'an has
guideline or a bit of recommendation for the lecturers and lecturers are asked to deal students
gently, they're asked to possess kindness for them as a result of if you'll be harsh with them then
they'll not come back to high school and can be uninterested. If we tend to see the fashionable
era theories concerning perspective of lecturers for students, it is suggested that the lecturers got
to “deal the scholars amorously not punishment”, this theory is introduced by the west simply
fifty years back however this was shared within the Holy al-Qur'an centuries back however this
the dangerous luck of our nation that the lecturers in Asian country aren't following the
directions given within the Holy al-Qur'an that's why Pakistani kids have interest in studies, they
are doing not need to travel to colleges simply because of the perspective of the lecturers. The
teacher is given additional vital than the books. Imam al-Shafi’i, the renowned jurist, said:
“Whoever learns from books will miss the desired achievement” (lbn Jumah, p.87)(Khan, 2014).
Teachers at Muslim colleges should struggle to cultivate Allah-consciousness in their
students furthermore as data, understanding and appreciation of the hadith of the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) said: “And speak nicely to people.” (Qur’an, 2:83 It is written within the
Holy al-Qur'an that “Show forgiveness, enjoin what's good, and turn away from the foolishness.”
(Qur’an, 7:199) At another place within the Holy al-Qur'an it's said:
“And verily, whosoever shows patience and forgives that will actually be from the items
counseled by Allah” (Qur’an, 42:43) (Tahir & Zubairi, 2019)
Hazrat Ali (R.A.) said: “One, who taught me a single word, made me his slave.” The quote of
Hazrat Ali (R.A) teaches students that what quantity respect they have to pay to their teachers.
He (R.A) says that we tend to got to contemplate our teacher our master and want to behave a bit
like a slave before their teachers, as a slaved not speak before the master and stay quiet, in the
same method the students want to be quite before their teachers and pay regard to them.
Teacher leaders have unique strengths and opportunities for influencing their colleagues’
teaching and learning (Berg, 2018). For example:

 Teachers’ deep immersion in the subjects they teach means that they may bring more
expertise and passion to mentoring and content coaching than school administrators
supervising multiple subjects and grades.
 Teachers bring a unique and grounded perspective to team and school decision-making,
thanks to their front-row knowledge of students and their families and their firsthand
experience of what it’s like to implement their curriculum for the students in front of
them.
 Their nonhierarchical relationships with colleagues can give them an edge in shaping
school culture, for example in helping colleagues to be more receptive to change.

Types of Leadership
Servant leadership The Prophet Muhammad decreed, as stated in the hadith, that ‘the leader of
the people is their servant’. This concept of servant leadership is a prophetic tradition and
emphasizes the importance of the dedication and honesty of leaders in serving their followers c.
The Prophet Muhammad, long before his period of prophet-hood, earned the nickname ‘al-
ameen’ – meaning “the trustworthy”, as he fulfilled the key aspects of servant leadership in his
dealings with his compatriots, placing service before self-interest. The Qur’an praises selfless
altruistic people: ‘And give then (emigrants) preference over themselves, even though they were
in need of that’ (Qur’an-Surat alhashr [59], ayat 9). The concept of servant leadership in its
current modern context highlights the relevance of role-modelling(Greenleaf, 2002), which is
exemplified by the leadership style of the prophet: ‘For you, in the prophet, is a good role model’
(Qur’an -Surat ahzab [33]: ayat 21).
Transformational leadership ‘We have not sent you except as a mercy to mankind’ (Qur’an
-Surat ambiyaa [21]: ayat 107). Islamic leadership encourages identifying a vision and fostering
the acceptance of group goals articulated as a vision built on the principle of justice. ‘O
believers! Stand firm for justice and bear true witness for the sake of God’ (Qur’an -Surat
annisaa [4]: ayat 135). Aspects of transformational leadership include articulating a vision and
fostering group goals. Transformational leadership utilizes values, attitudes and behaviours, such
as altruistic love, hope, and vision, to persuade followers and increase their sense of divine
endurance, resulting in positive organizational outcomes. Level 5 is the highest level in the
hierarchy of executive capabilities. A Level-5 leader blends extreme personal humility with
intense professional will(Collins, 2006). A Level-5 leadership model emphasizes personal
humility, modesty, integrity, courage and patience to measure the quality of a leader. These traits
have long been the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad and are taught for his followers to
emulate. A transformational leadership style is in the preferred Islamic tradition of leadership,
and this is exemplified and indeed demonstrated by how the Prophet Muhammad transformed
the society in which he lived through inspiration, motivation and intellectual stimulation.
Transformative leadership combines the best elements of transformational, charismatic, Level-5
(leaders’ humility and resolve), principle-centred (adherence to values and principles), and
servant leadership. Ethical leadership Consultation, justice, and freedom of thought to be the
main principles of Islamic leadership. The framework for a moral basis of ethical leadership in
Islam is centred on the willingness to submit to the Creator. Indeed, doing one’s best (Ihsan) is
an important aspect of the moral responsibility of Islamic leadership. Situational leadership The
situation and its circumstances are important factors that affect the leadership process. The
Prophet appointed different types of leaders in different situations and contexts, according to
their ability and experience. The Islamic model of situational leadership places an emphasis on
four qualities: skill, trust, knowledge, and piety. In this dispensation, the Islamic model also
mentions additional characteristics of followers, such as trust, flexibility and understanding. The
Islamic model is comparable to the modern model of situational leadership in which the leader
adjusts the style of leadership to fit the development level of the followers that s/he is trying to
influence(Hersey, 1984).
Basics Characteristics of Leaders
The two basic characteristics that a Muslim leader should have are integrity (righteousness) and
ability (competency required to execute the assigned task). The circumstances in which either
one of them overrides the other is situational, although ideally both should be present.
Intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity and sociability are the traits that are
associated with effective leadership in modern leadership theories(Northouse, 2018).
There are 25 characteristics necessary for leadership based on the ways and traditions of
the prophet (PBUH) and the Qur’an:
Ability, Bravery, Calmness, Dependability, Exemplariness, Fairness, Genuineness, Honesty,
Initiative, Judgement, Knowledge, Liberalism, Modesty, Nobility, Organization, Personality,
Quality , Responsibility, Sacrifice, Teamwork, Understanding, Versatility, Wisdom,
Youthful, Zeal.
15 Leadership Qualities That Make Good Leaders
Want to become a great leader? Here are fifteen leadership qualities that can make you a good
leader.

1. Honesty and integrity

2. Confidence
3. Inspire Others
4. Commitment and Passion
5. Good Communicator
6. Decision Making Capabilities
7. Accountability
8. Delegation and Empowerment
9. Creativity and Innovation
10. Empathy
11. Resilience
12. Emotional Intelligence
13. Humility
14. Transparency
15. Vision and Purpose

1. Honesty and Integrity

The 34th President of United States, Dwight.D.Eisenhower once said, “The supreme quality of
leadership is unquestionably integrity. Without it, no real success is possible, no matter
whether it is on a section gang, a football field, in an army, or in an office.”(Ariail, Hiatt, &
Quinet, 2013) Honesty and integrity are two important ingredients which make a good leader.
How can you expect your followers to be honest when you lack these qualities yourself? Leaders
succeed when they stick to their values and core beliefs and without ethics, this will not be
possible.

2. Confidence

To be an effective leader, you should be confident enough to ensure that other follow your
commands. If you are unsure about your own decisions and qualities, then your subordinates will
never follow you. As a leader, you have to be oozing with confidence, show some swagger and
assertiveness to gain the respect of your subordinates. This does not mean that you should be
overconfident, but you should at least reflect the degree of confidence required to ensure that
your followers trust you as a leader.

3. Inspire Others

Probably the most difficult job for a leader is to persuade others to follow. It can only be possible
if you inspire your followers by setting a good example. When the going gets tough, they look up
to you and see how you react to the situation. If you handle it well, they will follow you. As a
leader, should think positive and this positive approach should be visible through your actions.
Stay calm under pressure and keep the motivation level up. As John Quincy Adams puts it, “If
your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are
a leader.”(DAKOTA) If you are successful in inspiring your subordinates, you can easily
overcome any current and future challenge easily.

4. Commitment and Passion

Your teams look up to you and if you want them to give them their all, you will have to be
passionate about it too. When your teammates see you getting your hands dirty, they will also
give their best shot. It will also help you to gain the respect of your subordinates and infuse new
energy in your team members, which helps them to perform better. If they feel that you are not
fully committed or lacks passion, then it would be an uphill task for the leader to motivate your
followers to achieve the goal.
5. Good Communicator

Until you clearly communicate your vision to your team and tell them the strategy to achieve the
goal, it will be very difficult for you to get the results you want. Simply put, if you are unable to
communicate your message effectively to your team, you can never be a good leader. A good
communicator can be a good leader. Words have the power to motivate people and make them
do the unthinkable. If you use them effectively, you can also achieve better results.

6. Decision-Making Capabilities

Apart from having a futuristic vision, a leader should have the ability to take the right decision at
the right time. Decisions taken by leaders have a profound impact on masses. A leader should
think long and hard before taking a decision but once the decision is taken, stand by it. Although,
most leaders take decisions on their own, but it is highly recommended that you consult key
stakeholders before taking a decision. After all, they are the ones who will benefit or suffer from
your decisions.

7. Accountability

When it comes to accountability, you need to follow the approach highlighted by Arnold H
Glasow when he said, “A good leader takes little more than his share of the blame and little
less than his share of the credit.”(Koesters & Shea) Make sure that every one of your
subordinates is accountable for what they are doing. If they do well, give them a pat on the back
but if they struggle, make them realize their mistakes and work together to improve. Holding
them accountable for their actions will create a sense of responsibility among your subordinates
and they will go about the business more seriously.

8. Delegation and Empowerment

You cannot do everything, right. It is important for a leader to focus on key responsibilities while
leaving the rest to others. By that, I mean empowering your followers and delegating tasks to
them. If you continue to micromanage your subordinates, it will develop a lack of trust and more
importantly, you will not be able to focus on important matters, as you should be. Delegate tasks
to your subordinates and see how they perform. Provide them with all the resources and support
they need to achieve the objective and give them a chance to bear the responsibility.

9. Creativity and Innovation

What separates a leader from a follower? Steve Jobs, the greatest visionary of our time answers
this question this way, “Innovation distinguishes between a leader and a follower.”(Lee, Kim,
& Bae, 2016) In order to get ahead in today’s fast-paced world, a leader must be creative and
innovative at the same time. Creative thinking and constant innovation is what makes you and
your team stand out from the crowd. Think out of the box to come up with unique ideas and turn
those ideas and goals into reality.

10. Empathy

Last but certainly not the least, is empathy. Leaders should develop empathy with their
followers. Unfortunately, most leaders follow a dictatorial style and neglect empathy altogether.
Due to this, they fail to make a closer connection with their followers. Understanding the
problems of your followers and feeling their pain is the first step to become an effective leader.
Even that is not enough until you work hard and provide your followers with the suitable
solution to their problems.

11. Resilience

When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. You might have heard this adage many times,
but did you know that great leaders also follow this rule. They are resilient and have a positive
attitude. Irrespective of how difficult the circumstances might be, you will find them rallying
their followers. While most people are busy in complaining about the problems, great leaders
always focus on solutions, not the problems.

12. Emotional Intelligence

Good leaders always have higher influence but how do they increase their influence on the point
where people accept what they say. They do this by connecting with people emotionally. That is
where emotional intelligence comes into play.

Here are some of the reasons why a leader should be emotionally intelligent.

 Manage emotions effectively

 Better social awareness
 Seamless communications
 Conflict Resolution

With emotional intelligence, leaders can control their emotions, which prevents negative
emotions from influencing their decision-making skills. As a result, they are less likely to make
hasty decisions. Moreover, emotionally intelligent leaders are great at understanding the
emotions and care about the feelings of others. That is not all, leaders who have this leadership
quality not only handles conflict in a better way but also play an important role in conflict
resolution.

13. Humility

“Pride makes us artificial and humility makes us real.”—Thomas Merton

How would you feel when you are promoted to leadership status? You will feel proud. A good
leader is always selfless and always think about his or her followers. That is why the leadership
styles most great leaders adopt put lots of emphasis on problem-solving and team dynamics
instead of focusing on self-promotion.

14. Transparency

One of the best ways to win the trust of your followers is by being transparent. Instead of hiding
information, you should openly share it with them. By giving visibility to your followers, they
will buy into your vision and support you with conviction in achieving the goal. More
importantly, it gives your followers clarity, autonomy and make them feel more empowered
while keeping them engaged.

15. Vision and Purpose

“Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision,
and relentlessly drive it to completion.”—Jack Welch

Good leaders always have a vision and purpose. They not only visualize the future themselves
but also share their vision with their followers. When their followers were able to see the big
picture, they can see where they are heading. A great leader goes above and beyond and explain
why they are moving in the direction they are moving and shares the strategy and action plan to
achieve that goal.

These become the determining factors of the ability to influence followers and accomplish group
objectives. The most effective measure of a leader and his/her competency is the extent to which
the group attains its goals. A leader is capable of taking this "if only...”.and bringing it to life. In
reality, a vision denotes the "what" and the leader represents the "how" or the elements of what
needs to be done to achieve the vision. It is this clarity of vision that gives great leaders the
confidence to adopt the role of instilling motivation, self-esteem, and teamwork. To understand
the behavior and traits of a leader, one needs to look at their innate characteristics. One needs to
be flexible with ideas and open to a variety of solutions and viewpoints.

The key is to "see the forest through the trees" and have the ability to effectively
meander through a variety of circumstances and obstacles, but to keep focused on the vision. No
matter what the situation, leaders need to be able to communicate their ideas clearly and commit
themselves to the outcome. A leader must be able to transform his vision to a more inclusive
position by gaining the trust and commitment of those needed to fulfill his objective. Once
formulated, the vision represents a direction and must be reinforced by consistent and reliable
actions of the leader. Gaining commitment of those individuals, who will participate in the
process of changing and growing an organization, requires that they must be emboldened by the
task. If the leader is unable to get the commitment of others and can only achieve compliance,
the ability to achieve success greatly diminishes. Leaders also need the confidence to build self-
esteem in others and still maintain a strong degree of integrity in them. With this comes the
ability to influence an organization up, laterally and below as well as internally and externally.
One must be able to gain the approval of everyone involved to make an idea reality.

The ability to develop cooperative relations, to be a team player and to create an

atmosphere that supports a high degree of collegiality, marks the true leader. Leadership is
further challenged by the ability to motivate others, often over a long period of time, and guide
others effectively. The literal definition of leadership is "the behavior of an individual when he is
directing the activities of a group with a focus on a shared goal". It is the "process of
influencing" the activities of an organized group toward goal achievement, as well as, the
process of giving meaningful direction to collective efforts and achieving your objective.
Although there are thousands of documented definitions of what leadership is, it essentially
always incorporates the ability to influence individuals with the objective of achieving an
intended goal. When commitment is reached by leadership, it means that individuals agree with
the idea and will make the greatest effort to execute effectively.

The process of mobilizing commitment must be generated early and with a clear
understanding that involvement is critical to success. This dedication is coupled closely with
trust, a vital link to achievement within the organization. As a leader, the ability to maintain high
levels of trust comes through consistent actions, honesty, expertise, confidence and clarity.
Probably most significant is the dedication to values that are exhibited by the leader's own
behavior and the method by which one reinforces behaviors in others. Undoubtedly, successful
leaders are intelligent enough to understand the needs of others, know the necessity of
commitment, be energetic, possess the courage of conviction, and have an innate integrity. The
success of a leader depends on his/her ability to achieve a goal through the actions of those
involved. It takes the commitment of others in the organization to implement a leader's vision
and goals. But primarily because it is vital for growth and the overall well being of our society.

The Role of Teachers in Infusion of Islamic Values and Ethics in School Curriculum
 In the Islamic education process, a teacher or educator has an important role in training
Muslim youth to behave ethically as the first step. According to Ibn Miskawayh (Nadia 1994), in
his book tahdhib al-akhlaq (Refinement of character), teachers as trainers must make an impact
on the young educators in terms of desirable knowledge, moral, customs and behavior, in
mounding them into becoming role models within Muslim Community which makes them the
acceptable human model within the Muslim community. Therefore, the training of adab has been
considered as an important duty for Muslim teachers well as educators. However, it questions are
raised on what they can do about this issue, especially their thought and perception towards
correlation between Islamic manner and Islamic work ethic. Hence, an understanding of how
educators or teachers are motivated towards a positive work ethic within school structure and
tasks, will not only effect the performance outcome of the teachers and educators, but will also
influence on the extent in which the school encourages a positive work ethic of the individual to
benefit the organization (Mohd 2013).

In the same way, the cultural self-representation theory can be associated with what
Kreitner and Kinicki (1992) pointed out on ethical behaviors in work place. They suggested that
religion and belief or cultural influences have a prospective to enclosure individual’s ethical
codes in work place which, subsequently, leading to the ethical behaviors. In other words, self-
concept of individual correlates with the culture and their work practices, and it affects their
work behaviors accordingly (Mohd 2013). Rafiq (1996) stated that individual factors which
individuals come to work with different values. Factors affecting one’s ethical behavior include:
stages of moral development, personal values and morals, family influences, peer influences, and
life experiences.(Sa-U, Rahman, & Nordin, 2008) According to Rice (1999), Islam contains its
own ethical system which offers specific guidelines for conducting business and work These
guidelines, in turn, relate to the noble concepts of unity, justice and trusteeship. Islamic work
ethics, the focus of this study, constitutes Islam's expectations with respect to one's behavior at
work which 3 includes his or her effort, dedication, cooperation, responsibility, social relations
and creativity.
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