Physiological process involved

energy acquisition
(Respiration)
 Respiration
► isdefined as the transport of oxygen from
the outside air to the cells within tissues,
and the transport of carbon dioxide in the
opposite direction.

► metabolic process by which an organism

obtains energy by reacting oxygen with
glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and
ATP (energy)
 The Chemistry of
Respiration

energy and mitochondria clip

 Adenosine triphosphate
► The energy released during respiration is
not used directly by cells.
► Instead it is used to make a molecule called
ATP which stores the energy until it is
needed.

ATP = Adenosine triphosphate

 What does ATP do?
► ATP supplies energy for all the processes
that need it.
► For example:
► movement
► chemical reactions
► growth.

slow twitch/fast twitch investigation

 Structure of ATP

adenosine Pi Pi Pi
 Formation of ATP

ATP is made when another molecule called

adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is bonded to
a third inorganic phosphate (Pi) using the
energy released from glucose.
 Energy from respiration

adenosine Pi Pi
+
Pi

Enzymes

adenosine Pi Pi Pi

Energy Rich bond formed

 Summarised as:

ADP + Pi ATP

The whole process is under the control of enzymes

 The role of ATP
► ATP stores the energy in the third bond
of the molecule

► Theenergy is released when that bond is

broken to release the third inorganic
phosphate (Pi) .
adenosine Pi Pi Pi

ATP

Enzymes

adenosine Pi Pi
+
Pi

ADP Energy
released
to do work
 Summary

ATP
ATP

energy
(out)
cellular
respiration
cell
cell
activities
cellular energy activities
respiration (in) energy
(out)
ADP + Pi

The whole process is an enzyme controlled reaction.

 Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration = respiration with

oxygen.
glucose + OXYGEN energy + carbon dioxide + water
(to make ATP)
Aerobic respiration happens in 2
stages:

Stage 1 – Glycolysis

glyco lysis

glucose splitting
In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into
pyruvic acid.
glucose

energy released to series of enzyme

make small controlled reactions
quantity of ATP
(2 molecules)

pyruvic acid

Glycolysis does not require oxygen

Stage 2 – Breakdown of pyruvic acid

The pyruvic acid made in glycolysis

(stage1) still contains a lot of energy

It can only be broken down to release

the rest of the energy in the presence
of oxygen.
 pyruvic acid

series of enzyme energy released

controlled to make large
reactions quantity of ATP
(36 molecules)

carbon dioxide + water

Kreb Cycle
 Electron transfort chain
► Themolecules have been reduced, receiving
high energy electrons from the pyruvic acid
molecules that were dismantled in the Krebs
Cycle.

► they represent energy available to do work

ATP production – summary
glucose

2 ADP + 2 Pi =
2 ATP

pyruvic acid

36 ADP + 36 Pi =
36 ATP

carbon dioxide + water

 Summary of ATP production
► Stage 1 and 2 release all the chemical
energy in one molecule of glucose to make
a total of 38 ATP molecules.
2 molecules ATP from glucose  pyruvic acid
36 molecules ATP from pyruvic acid  carbon-
dioxide + water

Total 38 molecules ATP

 Anaerobic Respiration
(in animals)

anaerobic = in the absence of oxygen

 In low oxygen conditions or
during heavy exercise, when not
enough oxygen can be supplied,
muscle cells swap to anaerobic
respiration
 glucose
glycolysis still
happens as it does
2 ADP + 2 Pi
not require oxygen
2 ATP

pyruvic acid
in absence of
oxygen pyruvic
acid is turned into
lactic acid.
lactic acid
A build up of lactic acid produces muscle fatigue.

Muscle fatigue makes muscles ache and contract

less powerfully.

A recovery period is needed. During this time more

oxygen is taken in to convert the lactic acid back
into pyruvic acid again.

The volume of oxygen needed is called the oxygen

debt.
 Summary
glucose

pyruvic acid
oxygen debt oxygen debt
e.g. during hard repaid during
exercise recovery time
lactic acid
Anaerobic Respiration
in plants

The same process occurs in plants

and yeast in low oxygen conditions,
e.g. muddy, flooded soils.
 glucose

glycolysis still 2 ADP + 2 Pi

happens, producing
2 ATP molecules 2 ATP

pyruvic acid

This time in absence of

oxygen, pyruvic acid is This is irreversible
turned into carbon
dioxide and ethanol

ethanol + carbon dioxide

 Comparison of aerobic and
anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration

in animals in plants and yeast

Oxygen required?
yes no no
Glycolysis occurs
yes yes yes
ATP yield
38ATP 2ATP 2ATP
Glucose completely broke
down? yes no no
End products
Carbon Lactic acid Ethanol and
dioxide carbon
and water dioxide
Thank you very much 

teodo