VIBRATION

ISOLATORS
MM17M01 Prachi Adsul
MM17M10 Brijesh Mistry
MM17M13 Vinaya Patil
MM17MP02 Akanksha Gujar
MM17MP03 Rajesh Kambale
 WHAT IS VIBRATION ISOLATION?

• Vibration isolation is the process of isolating an object, such as a piece of

equipment, from the source of vibrations.
• Vibration is undesirable in many domains, primarily engineered systems and
habitable spaces, and methods have been developed to prevent the transfer of
vibration to such systems. Vibrations propagate via mechanical waves and certain
mechanical linkages conduct vibrations more efficiently than others. Passive
vibration isolation makes use of materials and mechanical linkages that absorb and
damp these mechanical waves. Active vibration isolation involves sensors and
actuators that produce disruptive interference that cancels-out incoming vibration.
 HOW VIBRATION ISOLATION WORKS?

For analysis it is customary to idealize structures, objects

and isolation systems as simple mass-spring-damper
systems as shown in Figure 1. The mass m is infinitely
rigid. The spring is weightless and its stiffness
is K lbs/in. The damper, or dashpot, is weightless and its
damping coefficient is c lbs/in./sec.
 DAMPING

• In a simple system, Damping serves as an energy dissipation “dashpot” to

limit the magnification of system response. Actual Damping c is
conveniently referenced to 
Critical Damping c c which is the value of damping at which a system
will not oscillate when disturbed from equilibrium. Critical Damping is
related to the system mass and natural frequency, as follows: 
• c c = 78.96 (mf n 2 )     (2)
 Natural Frequency

• All objects vibrate when subjected to impact, noise or vibration. When the
stimulation is removed, the object will experience periodic sinusoidal oscillations
or free vibration at a frequency which is called its Natural Frequency fn in (Hz
cycles/sec). With little or no damping, the Natural Frequency of a simple system
such as Figure 1 is defined as follows:
• f n = 3.13 (K/W) 1/2      (1)
• Where mass m = W/g, and
g = acceleration of gravity = 386 in/sec 2
 Source – path – receiver model

A vibration problem can also be nicely described by the

source – path – receiver model
• Source: a mechanical or fluid disturbance, generated
internally by the machine, such as unbalance, torque
pulsations, gear tooth meshing, fan blade passing, etc.
These typical occur at frequencies which are integer
multiples of the rotating frequency of the machine.
• Path: the structural or airborne path by which the
disturbance is transmitted to the receiver
 Source – path – receiver model
• Receiver: the responding system, generally having many natural
frequencies which can potentially be excited by vibration frequencies
generated by the source. (Murphy says the natural frequency of the system
will always coincide with an excitation frequency.) Any or all of these
areas can be attacked to solve the problem.
• The best choice for a given application will be dictated by the laws of
physics, your ingenuity, and $.
 Possible Solutions
• The best solution to a vibration problem is to avoid it in the first place. Intelligent design
is far more cost effective than building a bad design and having to repair it later. The
intelligent solution to any vibration problem involves the following steps:
• 1) Characterize the system parameters (mass, stiffness, damping) by experimental
methods, manufacturers data, or a combination of both.
• 2) Model the system dynamics using a simple lumped parameter model
• a) identify natural frequencies, look for coincidence with excitation frequencies
• b) if excitation forces and frequencies are known, system response can be calculated
• 3) Use the model to assess the effect of changes in system parameters
 Vibration Solutions - Source
1) Relocate machine – place machine on as rigid a foundation as possible
(on grade is best) and as far as possible from potential receivers
2) Replace machine with a higher quality or different type of machine that is
quieter (and probably more expensive)
3) Change the operating speed of the unit to avoid coinciding with structural
resonances
4) Balance rotating elements,
5) Add a tuned vibration absorber 6) Use active vibration control
 Vibration Solutions - Path
• Minimizing the vibration transmission generally involves using isolator
springs and/or inertia blocks.
• The basic principle is to make the natural frequency of the machine on its
foundation as far below the excitation frequency as possible.
• The mathematics for this case, and isolator selection procedures are
discussed in the next sections.
 Vibration Solutions - Receiver
1) Change the natural frequencies of the system to avoid coinciding with
excitation frequencies. This can be accomplished by adding stiffeners
(which raises the natural frequency) or by adding mass (which lowers the
natural frequency)
2) Add structural damping
 Vibration Isolators
• Consider a vibrating machine, bolted to a rigid floor (Figure 2a). The
force transmitted to the floor is equal to the force generated in the
machine. The transmitted force can be decreased by adding a suspension
and damping elements (often called vibration isolaters) Figure 2b , or by
• adding what is called an inertia block, a large mass (usually a block of cast
concrete), directly attached to the machine (Figure 2c).
• Another option is to add an additional level of mass (sometimes called a
seismic mass, again a block of cast concrete) and suspension (Figure 2d).
Derivation
 Derivation
•  If we consider only the vertical motion, the case shown in Figure 2b can
be described mathematically by a single degree of freedom, lumped
element system.
• m + c + k = F (t)……………. Equation 1
where:
• m = mass of system k = stiffness c = viscous damping
• x(t) = vertical displacement F(t) = excitation force
 Derivation
•  If we neglect damping, the vertical motion of the system, x(t) can be
shown to be:
x(t)= (/k )*sin wt/ (1-r²) ; where r= w/wn and wn=√(k/m)… Equation 2
• The system has a natural, or resonant frequency, at which it will exhibit a
large amplitude of motion, for a small input force. In units of Hz (cycles
per second), this frequency, fn is:
fn== ……. Equation 3
 Derivation
• In
  units of RPM (revolutions per minute), the critical frequency is
RPM critical= 60fn=
• The force transmitted to the floor is: = kx
• The ratio of transmitted force to the input force is called transmissibility, T
T= ............. Equation 4
This same equation can also be used to calculate the response of a machine X to
displacement
of the foundation, Y.
 Derivation
•  The effectiveness of the isolator, expressed in dB is:
…………. Equation 5
• The effectiveness of the isolator, expressed in percent is:
% Isolation = (1 − T ) * 100 ………Equation 6
 Derivation
• The
  transmissibility as a function of frequency ratio is shown in Figure 3.
Vibration isolation (defined as T<1) occurs when the excitation frequency is >
1.4 fn. For minimum transmissibility (maximum isolation), the excitation
frequency should be as high above the natural frequency as possible. The
transmissibility above resonance has a slope of –20 dB/decade.
• The transmissibility including the effect of damping is:
• ……… Equation 7
Where ζ=
Figure 3 is plotted as a function of forcing frequency
ratio f/f n and critical damping ratio c/c c . If external
vibration is applied at a frequency which coincides
with the Natural Frequency; i.e., (f/f n )= 1 , a
condition of Resonance occurs. At resonance the
system will experience very large potentially
damaging magnification of the disturbing forces.
The maximum Transmissibility T max at resonance is
commonly referred to as the Q of the system and is
approximately related to Critical Damping, as
follows:
T max = Q = 1/2 c c   
Dashpot or damping force is proportional to velocity.
The forces due to high damping are desirable at
resonance to oppose damaging magnification, but
less desirable at high frequencies because this tends
to negate vibration attenuation. This is evident in
Equation (7).
 Derivation
• Typical values for damping ratio, ξ are .005 -.01 for steel, and .05-.10 for
rubber
• The inclusion of damping has the greatest effect in the vicinity of
resonance, decreasing the vibration amplitude. A curious effect of
damping is that it results in increased amplitude at frequencies > 1.4 fn .
 Types of Isolators
• Typical vibration isolators employ a helical spring to provide stiffness, and an
elastomeric layer (such as neoprene) to provide some damping.
• Other types use a solid elastomeric element for both the stiffness and the
damping. Some commercially available isolators are shown in Figures 4 and 5.
• Isolators are available for tension applications (for hanging equipment, such as
pipes) or compression. When even lower stiffnesses are required than can be
obtained with coil springs, pneumatic springs can be employed. The stiffness of
pneumatic springs is controlled by their inflation pressure.
 Isolator Selection
•  Isolators are usually specified by their static deflection ∆, or how much
they deflect when the weight of the machine is placed on them. This is
equivalent to specifying their stiffness and has the additional benefit of
making it easy to calculate the system natural frequency. Coil spring
isolators are available in up to 3” static deflection. If more flexibility is
needed, air springs are used. The natural frequency of the system
(assuming a single degree of freedom) can be calculated by:
 Isolator Selection
• where: ∆= static deflection of spring (inches)
g = gravitational constant =386 in/sec²

Static Deflection 0.5” 1.0” 2.0” 3.0”

(inches)
Natural Frequency 4.43 Hz 3.13 Hz 2.21 Hz 1.8 Hz
- Hz
 Center of Gravity (cg)
• The Center of Gravity is the point in an object where an external applied
force produces displacement but no rotation. Typically the center of
gravity will be located near the largest concentration of mass in the object
and may be located by computation or experimental means.
Equipment cg height and geometry are very important for considerations
of stability and rocking when using soft supports to achieve vibration
isolation. For best stable results, KSI recommends the cg height should
not exceed 25% of the shortest span between supports.
Air Spring Stiffness and Natural Frequency
• VIBRAPLANE isolation systems utilize the properties of compressed air to provide the
uniquely low stiffness properties essential for the high efficiency broad frequency band
isolation essential for high technology equipment. The Air Spring Stiffness K in lbs/in. is a
function of absolute pressure P in psi, area A in sq. in., and volume V in cu. in., as follows:
• K = PA 2 / V     (6)
• Combining Equations (1) and (6), the simple Air System Natural Frequency is:
• f A = 3.13 (A / V) 1/2      (7)
• It is basic to note in Equation (7) that increasing the air volume of the air spring results in a
lower system natural frequency which is necessary for high isolation efficiently.
 Problem Statement 1
•• A  surgical microscope weighing 200 lb is hung from a ceiling by four springs with stiffness 25
lb/in. The ceiling has a vibration amplitude of .05mm at 2 Hz (a typical resonant frequency of a
building). How much vibration does the microscope experience?
• Answer:Y= 0.05 mm, f= 2 Hz, k= 25 lb/in= 4378.17 N/m, m= 200 lb = 90.7185 kg ,
• =13.894 rad/s
• W= 2Πf= 12.566 rad/s
• r = w/wn= 12.566/13.894= .904,
• |X/Y| == =5.47 , this transmissibility T
• X=5.47* Y= .273 mm (we have amplification)
 Problem Statement 2
•  Calculate the transmissibility at 60 and 120 Hz for a 20,000 lb chiller unit
supported by eight springs with 3” static deflection
• Answer:;=1.807 Hz
• r1== .0009; =30.45 dB; % Isolation = (1 − T ) * 100=99.91 %
• r2== .00022; =36.57 dB; % Isolation = (1 − T ) * 100=99.978 %

Frequency – Hz r T dB Isolation %

60 33.33 .0009 30.5 99.910%

120 66.41 .00022 36.6 99.978%

 Problem Statement 3
• A
  400 lb duct is to be hung from a ceiling. 30 dB of isolation is desired at all
frequencies greater than 100 Hz. Determine the desired stiffness, and static
deflection of each isolator spring if four springs are to be used.
• Answer: f=100 Hz; m= 400 lb=181.437 kg; E= 30 db;
• =30 dB ; T=0.001;.001; r=31.6 thus r=
• ;;
• ; k eq=71706.5 N/m; k=keq/4; k=17926 N/m= 102.36 lb/inch
(assuming all four springs are equally loaded)
Top Chamber Volume Characteristics Analysis of
Dual-chamber Pneumatic Spring
• By: Ji Chunhua, Zhu Yu, Xu Dengfeng, Zhang Ming, Li Qiang The State Key Laboratory
of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
• Abstract—Dual-chamber pneumatic springs are widely in the vibration system for
precision instruments, its controller design and structure optimization requires an accurate
model. The top chamber model is an important and complicated part of the model for its
volume variety caused by piston movement and rubber deformation. In order to obtain top
chamber volume characteristic, a hyper-elastic constitutive model of rubber has been
established firstly, then a fluid-structure model of top chamber is built in ADINA. By
analyzing simulation results, the influence of piston displacement and rubber deformation
on top chamber volume is concluded finally.
 INTRODUCTION

1. The manufactures of vibration-sensitive semiconductor production tools have imposed more

and more strictly vibration limits on the environment .
2. vibration from the ground, people's movement, and equipment operation are important
issues in the precision engineering including nano-scale manufacturing and measurements.
3. So vibration isolation device, which is intended to isolate a payload from
(motion, is an essential part of high-precision working
system.
4. Dual-chamber pneumatic spring, as shown in figure 1, is one type of vibration
isolation device mainly composedof two pneumatic chambers connected by an orifice.
 NONLINEAR ELASTIC MODEL OF RUBBER
FORCE CHARACTER
1. The rubber diaphragm is designed to support piston and
payload and has been found to have a significant effect
on isolator performance.
2. Its fiber-reinforced characteristics and irregular contour
make it hard to establish an accurate mathematic model.
3. There are many strain energy functions in finite element
analysis such as
4. Mooney-Rivilin, Ogden, Yeoh, Arrudaboyce and so on,
which makes it convenient to describe rubber material.
 BACKGROUND

1. Research on dynamic behaviors of pneumatic springs is important for its structure

optimization and designing active controller for a vibration isolation table employing
pneumatic springs.
2. A lot of studies have been done by many scholars on this topic. In 1961, Harris and
Crede proposed the first linear model of pneumatic vibration isolator by assuming
small payload displacements and by replacing non-linear orifice with incompressible
fully developed laminar flow through the flow restrictor[3].
3. Then Debra established a simpler linear model using three essential parameters
including natural frequency, chamber volume ratio and the frequency factor.
1. The test here is conducted by National Test
Center of Polymer and Chemical Building
Materials of China, which is authorized by the
government and number of international
organizations.
2. Using these test data, rubber constitutive
model can be established in Adina based on
Mooney Rivlin and Ogden model respectively,
model results as shown in Figure 2 and Figure
3.
3. Results show that Moony Rivlin 2, Moony
Rivlin 3, Ogden5 and Ogden 6 fit
experimental data better in test range than the
ther models, and Ogden 5 predicts relatively
more reasonable material character tendency.
4. Considering the whole range, Ogden 5 is
selected to construct the rubber hyper-elastic
constitutive model.
 FLUID-STRUCTURE MODEL OF TOP
CHAMBER
1. Top chamber model of pneumatic spring is more complicated than the bottom
due to its volume variety caused by piston movement and rubber deformation.
2. In linear models, top chamber volume variation is related with piston
movement singly. But the absence of rubber diaphragm has been found to
have made obvious discrepancy between prediction and experimental Results
3. Initial pressure is applied on fluid part and displacement load applied to
structure part, then volume of top chamber can be derived from pressure result
based on ideal gas law
 RESULT ANALYSIS

1. Displacement result is shown in figure 4, the arc part of

rubber diaphragm show bigger translation for it is free
to move. the maximum rubber deformation and pressure
variation are appeared at the first time step when fluid
pressure is applied to undeformed rubber diaphragm.
2. Band plot of displacement result by applying different
initial pressure on fluid model(pressure value near the
static working pressure point) and a linear displacement
function on rubber, a series pressure value results can be
obtained as shown in figure5.
3. we see fluid pressure increase(decrease) linearly with the
rubber diaphragm move down(up) linearly. Figure 5.
• Pressure results of top chamber Base on ideal gas law PV/T=const,
volume value can be derived according to difference initial
pressure and piston displacement. Then we describe the volume
variation equation caused by rubber deformation as
• where Vrubber is the volume variation caused by rubber
deformation, Pt is the pressure of top chamber, Pint is initial
pressure applied on fluid model, Vint is top chamber volume
before deformation. Pb, Vb is the balance pressure and top
chamber volume when fluid pressure is applied on rubber
diaphragm but no piston displacement, S is the piston area. As
given in equation Vrubber can be obtained as figure 6. we can see
that when the pneumatic isolator working pressure near its static
point, the volume variation caused by rubber deformation vary
linearly with piston displacement.
Figure 6. Volume variation caused by rubber deformation
 CONCLUSIONS

1. This analytical and simulation makes some important contributions to establish nonlinear model of
pneumatic isolator.
2. The top chamber volume model is an important and complicated part of pneumatic isolator model
due to the existing of piston movement and rubber nonlinearity deformation. In order to obtain its
characteristics, we use test data to build a rubber hyper-elastic constitutive model in the form of
Ogden 5 firstly.
3. fluid-structure model of top chamber of pneumatic isolator is established in Adina. Finally, top
chamber volume variation equation is obtained which is expressed with equivalent area of piston.
Based on the above conclusions, a more accurate model of top chamber can be established, and by
combining it with other parts in previous pneumatic spring model, an improved model can be
achieved in future.
 Wire rope isolators for vibration isolation of equipment and
structures – A review, IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and
Engineering 78 (2015), P.S.Balaji et al
• In this paper have studied that the Wire Rope Isolator (WRI) can be used to
effectively isolate the system from disturbing vibrations. The WRI is a type of
passive isolator that exhibits nonlinear behavior. It consists of stranded wire rope
held between two metal retainer bars and the metal wire rope is made up of
individual wire strands that are in frictional contact with each other, hence, it is a
kind of friction–type isolator. This paper presents the research work under two
categories, namely monotonic and cyclic loading behaviors of WRI. The review
also discusses the different terminologies associated with vibration isolation
system and highlights the comparison between various isolation systems.
• Passive vibration isolation, on the other hand, refers to vibration
isolation or mitigation of vibrations using passive techniques such as
rubber pads or mechanical springs. In its simplest form, it is
represented as a combination of a spring having stiffness (K) and a
damper having damping coefficient (C). The spring provides the
elasticity to the structure and energy dissipation is provided by the
damper. Wire Rope Isolators (WRI), a type of passive isolator which
exhibits non-linear behavior in both elastic stiffness and damping,
has become the subject of intensive studies. The advantages of WRI
include wide temperature range operations between -100oC to
+250oC and less susceptible to the detrimental effects of
environmental conditions like extreme temperature, salt, fog, grease,
radiation, dust and low manufacturing cost . The polycal type of WRI
is primarily used for micro mechanical and electronic applications .
For heavy machinery applications the helical WRI is used. The
behaviour exhibited by WRI under monotonic loading
• and cyclic loading have been studied. The major advantage of
WRI is that, it can provide isolation in all three planes and in all
orientations.
 Active Piezoelectric Vibration Isolation System of Machine
Tools, International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and
Mechatronics (ICEEM 2015), Miaoxian Guo et al
• The theory and practice of vibration isolation reducing vibration transmitted from
vibrating base to sensitive equipment have been studied in the paper. And a Z-direction
isolation system is designed and provided by using proportional-integral-derivative
controller and piezoelectric element. Active vibration cancellation analysis shows that
the active vibration isolation system, it cancels vibration in real time by sensing ground
vibration, then expanding and contracting piezoelectric actuators to filter out floor
motion. PID controller in the paper continuously calculates an error value as the
difference between a measured vibration variable and a desired set point. The controller
attempts to minimize the vibration on the machine by adjustment of a control variable,
to a new value determined by a weighted sum.
• In the machine tool system, the accelerometers
monitor the vibration and the piezoelectric ceramics
actuator cancels vibration in real time; in the vibration
excitation system, the exciter general the vibration to
simulate the Z-direction disturbance vibration from
the foundation; and in the control system, the NI data
acquisition 6341 acquire the vibration signal by
accelerometer and output control signal to diving
power device using the PC program.
• They show a comparison of control system
performance: the vibration amplitude of system is
isolated when the control system is on, the reduction
of relative vibration along the Z-direction is about
40% in the case of control on. Therefore, the active
vibration isolation system has good isolation
performance against the disturbance acting on the
system within the frequency range.
 FUTURE SCOPE

• More than twenty buildings with passive response control system, including “base-isolation”, have been
constructed up to the present, while, active response control system is now entering the stage of practical
use. But their technology have not perfectly been completed yet. Base-isolated device now widely used,
which employs laminated rubbers and some types of dampers, do not work well for the certain types of
input earthquake wave, especially predominate in longer period, and for vertical direction. Active
vibration control system has weak points in the costs and reliability of devices and power supply, but it
might be used for partial control of very important things like computers, nuclear power generators and so
on, or for control of weak vibration excited by winds. The existing problems to be solved are development
of devices and precise estimation of input motions, but the former point may be expected to mechanical
engineers. Architectural engineers will do duty as system designers, and use the developed devices for the
suitable purpose. Various types of response control system will be used widely in future, not only for
earthquake resistant design of structures but also for comfortable and ease feeling of the inhabitants.
 FUTURE SCOPE

• DYNAMIC TESTING MACHINE : Dynamic stiffness can only be established by measurement on a

dynamic test bench. Similarly, the damping coefficients of compounds are further values that can be
measured with this type of machines. One concept that must be taken into account when designing an
anti-vibration mount is its durability. A dynamic testing machine allows us to conduct fatigue tests that
reproduce the real working conditions of the part so that its useful life can thus be predicted accurately
 Influence of an active vibration isolator and electrochemical
cell design on
electrochemical measurements to minimize natural convection
• Abstract: The influence of an active vibration isolator (AVI) and
electrochemical cell design on natural convection was investigated. The
natural convection of an electrolyte caused by external vibrations and
acoustic sounds is reduced by both an AVI and an acoustic enclosure.
Slow scan voltammetry with an AVI shows a reproducible and predictable
diffusion-controlled current down to 0.4 mV/s. Reducing the distance
between the working electrode and the glass wall also has a considerable
effect on the voltammetric signal.
 Introduction
• Previous work has been focused on the origin of natural convection, with only a few
reports aiming to minimize natural convection in electrochemical experiments.
Electrochemical behaviour over longer time scales has attracted increasing interest from
researchers in reaction mechanisms, enhanced sensitivity, and higher resolution scanning
electrochemical microscopy (SECM), where unprecedented movement control in
experiments is required. Two of the causes of natural convection, mechanical vibration
and acoustic motion, can be minimized under well-controlled conditions. Recently, the
Aoki group reduced mechanical convection through enhanced viscosity by adding a
gelling agent. Our group used a hydrogel to help reduce the motion in a previous study.
To the best of our knowledge, however, there have been no attempts to minimize the
mechanical motion in a typical electrochemical cell in the absence of additional
chemicals which may influence the electrochemistry at the interface or the mass transport
within the solution.
 Experimental Setup
• All chemicals (obtained from Aldrich) were used as received. The polished Pt disk
electrode (1.6 mm in diameter, BAS Inc) was fixed vertically with a ruler (Scheme 1A)
within a homemade faraday cage/ acoustic enclosure on an active vibration isolator
(DVIA-T67, Daeil Systems, Korea). The gap distance was adjusted using a support jack.
The aqueous electrolyte contained 1 mM Fe(CN)6 4− and 0.5 M KCl in all experiments.
Electrochemical experiments were performed with a CHI 730E after 1 h to allow the
natural convection to settle down. A Pt wire and Ag/AgCl (sat'd KCl) served as the counter
and reference electrode, respectively. To investigate the effect of vibration, an electric
toothbrush (Oral-B DB4010, Braun) acted as a vibration source, and the vibrations were
measured by a VM-6360 vibration meter (Landtek Instruments, China).
 Conclusion
• The influence of an active vibration isolator and electrochemical cell
design on natural convection was investigated. The CVs on the Pt disk
electrode show reduced natural convection when there is a smaller
distance between the glass wall and the disk electrode. AVI with an
acoustic enclosure minimized natural convection down to scan rates of 0.4
mV/s. This well-controlled electrochemical environment may result in a
predictable voltammetric response at slow scan rates.
THANK YOU !

QUESTIONS?