HARDNESS

BY BOILING
TEMPORARY HARDNESS
BY ADDING LIME

LIME SODA PROCESS

PERMENANT HARDNESS ZEOLITE PROCESS

DEMINERALIZATION OR
DEIONIZATION PROCESS
TEMPORARY HARDNESS
• By boiling : During boiling, the bicarbonates of Ca and
Mg decompose into insoluble carbonates and give CO2.
The insoluble carbonates can be removed by filtration.
                                        Heat
•         Ca(HCO3)2 —————→ CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
•         Cal. bicarbonate                               PPt.

•                                        Heat
•        Mg(HCO3)2 —————→ MgCO3 + CO2 + H2O
      Mag. bicarbonate                            

Boiling cannot satisfactorily remove

temperory hardness caused due to MgCO3
 Clark’s method : Thisprocess is used on a
commercial scale. Inthis process,
calculated amount of lime [Ca(OH)2] is
added to temporary hard water.

•       Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 ↓+ 2H2O

•         Soluble                  Lime            Insoluble

Mg(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → MgCO3 + CaCO3 ↓+ 2H2O

        Soluble                 Lime                 (soluble)

 
•   MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 →Mg(OH)2 ↓ + CaCO3 ↓
• PERMENANT HARDNESS
By lime soda method: In this method, water is
treated with a calculated amount of washing
soda (Na2CO3) and lime (Ca(OH)2  )which
converts the chlorides and sulphates of Ca and
Mg into calcium carbonate and Mg(OH)2 which
get precipitated.
•  Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3 ↓+ 2H2O
•         Soluble                  Lime            Insoluble

• MgCO3 + Ca(OH)2 →Mg(OH)2 ↓ + CaCO3 ↓

•         CaCl2 + Na2CO3 → CaCO3 + 2NaCl
 Zeolite process or Base exchange or
Cation exchange process.
• Zeolites are natural or synthetic cations with general
formula Na2OAl2O3XSiO2YH2O
• Na2Z + Ca{(HCO3)2 → Na2{(HCO3)2 + Ca{Z
• Adv: Water of zero hardness produced, plant is
compact,no sludge,no incrustation of pipes
• Disadv: Not suitable for treating tubid waters,Not
suitable for water containing iron and
manganese,very costly.
 DEMINERALIZATION OR DEIONIZATION PROCESS

• Demineralization or deionization process

• Removal of minerals by first passing through a bed of
cation exchange resin and then through a bed of
anion exchange resin.
• Cation exchange resin
• CaCl2 + H2R → CaR + 2HCl
• Anion exchange resin
• ROH + HCl → RCl + HOH
 Desalination
The process of removing salt from
water is known as desalination and the
resultant water which is free from salt
is known as fresh water.
 Methods:

• Desalination by Evaporation and Distillation

• Electrodialysis method
• Reverse Osmosis method
• Freezing process
• Solar distillation method
• Other methods
• A modern salt water evaporator works on the
principle of ‘still’
• 1st metal box with brine is heated by a nest of
pipes carrying hot steam.
• Steam boils brine
• Vapour led to 2nd box where pipes filled with
cold brine condenses vapour to fresh water.
• Problem-scaling
• Multistage evaporator- water can be boiled at
low temperatures,by reducing the pressure.
• Flash evaporation means the effect produced
when hot salt water is suddenly cooled under
less pressure.
• Improved methods based on vapour
compression and long tube vertical
(LTV)method is nowdays used.
• Membranes- thin plastic like sheets made of
peculiar chemical substance called ‘ion
exchange resins’(about 1/180th of a cm).
• Membranes would pass either +ve or –ve ions
but not both.
 Electrodialysis method

• CELL- a pair of cation and anion members installed in parallel

between a pair of electrodes is known as cell
• STACK- when a number of membrane pairs are installed
parallel between a pair of electrodes is known as stack
• Adv
– For moderate desalting problems
– Compact
– Less cost
– Easy to operate
– Can be assembled for different outputs just by changing no: of units
added together
Principle of electrodialysis