LEARNING

GUIDE 1

General Concepts
and Historical
Development of
Science and
Technology
 General
Concepts and
Historical
Development
of Science
and
Technology

PAGE 01
 VI. Scientific Concepts / Terms
Astronomy - is the scientific study of
celestial objects and phenomena that
originate outside the Earth's atmosphere
Bricks - Hand-made bricks first used for
construction in the Middle East
Copernicus- a mathematician and
astronomer who proposed heliocentric
system.
Diesel engine - German engineer Rudolf
Diesel develops his diesel engine—a more
efficient internal combustion engine
without a sparking plug.
Electrolyzers- Humphry Davy develops
electrolysis into an important chemical
technique and uses it to identify a
number of new elements.
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Fields - are fundamental sociological
units of science.
Greeks- The first people to try and
develop the theory behind their
observations
Haab- was made up of eighteen
months of twenty days each plus a
period of five days at the end of the
year. It is a Mayan calendar system.
Incandescent Lamp- Thomas Edison
patents the modern incandescent
electric lamp.
James Watt – was a Scottish inventor,
who greatly improved the design of
steam engine in 1770's
Karel Capek - He and his brother
coin the word "robot" in a play
about artificial humans.
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Lasers - Patricia Bath develops
laser eye surgery for removing
cataracts.
 Microscope- Antoni van
Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke
independently develop microscopes.
Nicolas Copernicus- resembled the Greek
ancient philosopher or thinkers.
Ohm's law - law that for any circuit the
electric current is directly proportional to
the voltage and inversely proportional to
the resistance.
Psychoanalysis - method to gather
reliable data to study humans inner life
by Sigmund Freud.
Quipu-inca - civilization, system of
knotted ropes to keep records that only
experts can interprets.
Religion - use to rationalized the
origin of lifeless forms.
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Scientific revolution- period
enlightenment when the
development in the fields of
mathematics, astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed views of
society.
Technology- help human being on
their everyday task to make easier.
Universe- everything that we can
touch, feel, sense, measure or detect.
Vietnam War - first American war in
which black and white troops were
not formally segregated, though de
facto segregation still occurred.
Western Scientist- system of
knowledge which relies on certain
law that have been established
PAGE 05
through the application of the
scientific method to phenomena in
the world.
 Definition
Definition of
of Science,
Science,
Technology
Technology and
and Society
Society
SCIENCE

Xerox Machine- also known as copier or

copy machines.

Yang Chen-Ning- a Chinese theoretical

physicist.
• came from the Latin word "Scientia"
Zewail Ahmed- egyptian chemist, known which means "knowledge" which is
as the "father of femto chemistry". systematic enterprise that organizes
knowledge by the prediction about
the universe.
• A study and application of
knowledge on our nature.

• It is an intellectual and practical

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activity of nature and behavior of
PAGE 06

the natural world through

observation and experimentations
 TECHNOLOGY
• processes used in the
production of goods or
services.
• machines and equipment that
develop because of application
of scientific knowledge.
PAGE 08
SOCIETY
• Organized group of people
together for religious, cultural,
political, and other purposes.
• consist of member in the society.
PAGE 09
 COMPARE
COMPARE AND
AND
CONTRAST
CONTRAST THE
THE STS
STS OF
OF
YESTERDAY
YESTERDAY AND
AND TODAY
TODAY
YESTERDAY TODAY

COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

- Writing used of symbols - Writing used letters

- Words of mouth - Cellphones / Gadgets

TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATION

- Cars
- Walking
- Planes
- Boat out of logs
ASTRONOMY
ASTRONOMY
- Telescope
- Temples for astronomical - Satellite on outer space

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observation
PAGE 10
 YESTERDAY TODAY

MEDICINE
MEDICINE
- Capsules
- Herbal Medicine - Technological Treatment
- Plants
WAY OF PRODUCTION
WAY OF PRODUCTION
- Machine
- Manpower - Factories

LAW LAW

- INHUMAN - Right process of justice

- UNFAIR - Attorneys to defend us
- Equal rights

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 VII. REVIEW
ANCIENT
Pre-Socratic philosophers were first to
develop the systematic science they
observes universe, constellations and
many more and they predicting what
will happened in the future like
eclipse. They used materials that can
be found on nature like woods, stone
and etc. The Greek society is made up
of independent city-states that shared
a culture and religion were the males
are dominated.
PAGE 14
MEDIEVAL
Medicine, Astronomy & Chemistry
were developed in Islamic regions
and science also develop on other
countries like India, China, Middle
East and South America. But Science
ceased to progress during Christian
Dark Age because of their different
beliefs. Many major technology
advances are made in this era like
gunpowder, clock, windmill and
many more that are useful in this
modern world. The society is
Manorialism the organization of
economy that is relied to agriculture
PAGE 15
and the lords allowed the peasants
to farm on their land and the
peasants owed them.

MODERN
Industrial mode and develop
society, the social system is fully
develop. Many inventions are
made and develop that come up
by researches and experiments
mostly they updated version of
old invention from the past era
that making our work lightened.
 
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Scientific Revolution in
Modern time
During the scientific revolution,
changing perceptions about
the role of the scientist in
respect to nature, and the
value of experimental or
observed evidence, led to a
scientific methodology in
which empiricism played a
large, but not absolute, role.
Was the emergence of modern
science during the early
modern period, when
developments in mathematics,
physics, astronomy, biology
(including human anatomy),
and chemistry transformed
PAGE 17
societal views about nature.
 * The Scientific Revolution was
characterized by an emphasis on
abstract reasoning, quantitative
thought, an understanding of how
nature works, the view of nature as
a machine, and the development of
an experimental scientific method
* During this century-and-a-half
of scientific innovation, several
achievements were made in the
field of science and technology.
Unique methodologies of
observation, hypothesis,
experimentation, analysis and
conclusion were sculptured and
processed during this era, with
vital discoveries relating to
gravity, the skeletal and muscular
It is these multitudes of aspects
which, when clubbed together,
form a general scientific
revolution. A rapid ascension of
knowledge, specifically in terms of
science, happened like never
before in the early 17th century
amidst modern-day Europe. Many
claim that this wasn’t just limited
to this area, but was a global
phenomenon with a large
assimilation of knowledge in
various countries. A common
utilization of systematic scientific
explanations of the various
phenomenon was adopted in
general during these times, which
is invariably credited to scientific
revolution.

PAGE 19
PAGE 18

systems of the human body being

made.
 1. FREUDIAN
VIII. Learning REVOLUTION
Activities Psychoanalysis is the study that
explains human behavior. Freud
INTELLECTUAL
INTELLECTUAL explained that there are many
conscious and unconscious factors
REVOLUTIONS
REVOLUTIONS that can influence behavior and
FREUDIAN
FREUDIAN emotions.
REVOLUTI Sigmund
REVOLUTI
ON
ON Freud
COPERNIC
COPERNIC 3 conflicting elements
AN
AN Nicolaus meeting
meeting Critic
Critic
REVOLUTI
REVOLUTI Copernicus wants al
wants al and
and
ON
ON and
and moral
moral
DARWIN
DARWIN needs
needs role
role
REVOLUTI
REVOLUTI Charles
ON
ON Darwin
ID SUPEREGO

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PAGE 20

EGO
Needs
Needs of
of reality
reality
 2. COPERNICAN
REVOLUTION
• Claudius Ptolemy
GEOCENTRIC MODEL
Planets as long as the sun and
moon moved in a circular motion
around the earth, making the
PAGE 22
earth the center of the solar
system.
• Nicolaus Copernicus
HELIOCENTRISM
The center of the solar system was
not the earth but actually the sun.
He was rejected at the first by the
public but eventually this concept
PAGE 23
was accepted because of certain
proofs on technologies.
 3. DARWIN 3. SURVIVAL OF THE
REVOLUTION FITTEST

FOUR FACTORS OF THIS “It is not the strongest of the

THEORY species that survives, nor the
1. most intelligent, but the one
VARIATION most responsive to changes.”
-Those organisms with
heritable traits better suited
to the environment will
reach maturity and survive.
2.
OVERPRODUCTION 4.
-more organisms are HERITABILIT
produced that can actually Y
survive. -changes in the organisms
brought by the environment
will be inherited by their
offspring.

PAGE 25
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 SCIENCE
SCIENCE EDUCATION
EDUCATION IN
IN All levels of science instruction,
THE
THE PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES elementary, secondary and tertiary had
in common the following weaknesses
and a lack of:
THE CONCEPT
THE CONCEPT OF
OF SCIENCE
SCIENCE
1. Adequate equipment and facilities in
EDUCATION
EDUCATION the laboratories
2. Up-to-date and adequate textbooks,
- Science education focuses on teaching,
publications and reference materials
learning, and understanding science.
- Basic Education 3. Qualified and imaginative teachers.
- Tertiary Education 4. Provision for systematic upgrading of
teachers

SCIENCE SCHOOLS
SCIENCE SCHOOLS ININ THE
THE
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1960S
- Emphasis in the objectives of
- Philippine Science High School
instructional procedures and evaluation.
System (PSHSS)
- Chemistry was newly introduced
- Special Science Elementary Schools
subject
(SSES) Project
- Agencies assisted in the training of
- Quezon City Regional Science High
science teacher.
School
1960s – introducing Green Version –
- Cebu City Science High School

PAGE 27
biological information
PAGE 26

- Manila Science High School 1962 – Adaptation on green version

- Central Visayan Institute Foundation laboratory manual
 INDIGENOUS
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE
SCIENCE
 - using indigenous technology
AND
AND TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY IN IN THE
THE
- building local irrigation
PHILIPPINES
PHILIPPINES
Indigenous People's Rights Act of 1997 - classifying different types of soil for
(IPRA) (RA8371) planting
- producing wines from tropical fruits
INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE THAT ARE TAUGHT
AND PRACTICED BY INDIGENOUS PEOPLE - keeping the custom of growing plants
and vegetables
- prediction of weather

AGRICULTURE

NORTH
• banaue rice terraces
- using herbal medicine
 SOUTH
- preserving of foods • swidden farming
- classifying plants and animals • agricultural cycle: pendupi,
into families
miyan, pemeres

PAGE 29
- selecting good seeds for
PAGE 28

• the constellation Orion

planting 
 TECHNOLOGY INDIGENOUS BELIEFS

NORTH According to Johnston

(2000), indigenous beliefs
• pottery
also develop desirable values
• weaving namely;
• finer metalcraft
• motivating attitudes
SOUTH • cooperating attitudes
• sumbiring • practical attitudes
• reflective attitudes
•  bidyo
INDIGENOUS SCIENCE

INDIGENOUS SCIENCE • uses SCIENCE

PROCESS SKILLS
Part of the indigenous • guided by COMMUNITY
knowledge system CULTURE AND VALUES
practiced by different •  composed of
groups of people and early TRADITIONAL
civilizations KNOWLEDGE

PAGE 31
PAGE 30
 PHILIPPINE
PHILIPPINE
SCIENTISTS
SCIENTISTS
1978- Juan S. Salcedo, Jr. - Nutrition
and Public Health
1978- Alfredo C. Santos- Physical
Chemistry
1978- Gregorio Y. Zara- Engineering
and Inventions
1980- Fe Del Mundo- Pediatrics
1980- Eduardo A. Quisumbing-
Plant Taxonomy, Systematics, and
Morphology
1982- Geminiano T. de Ocampo-
1982- Casimiro V. del Rosario-
Physics, Astronomy, and
Meteorology
1982- Gregorio T. Velasquez-
1983- Francisco M. Fronda- Animal
Husbandry
1983- Francisco O. Santos- Human
Nutrition and Agricultural Chemistry
1983- Carmen C. Velasquez-
Parasitology
1986- Julian A. Banzon- Chemistry
1987- Luz Oliveros-Belardo-
Phytochemistry
1988- Alfredo V. Lagmay-
Experimental Psychology
1994- Pedro B. Escuro- Genetics and
Plant Breeding
1998- Jose R. Velasco- Plant
Physiology
2006- Lourdes J. Cruz- Marine
Biology

PAGE 33
PAGE 32

Phycology
2014- Angel C. Alcala- Biological
 IX- Learning Assessment Our
Our group
group chosechose this this emoji
emoji
because
because we we felt
felt like
like satisfied
satisfied
and
and happy
happy on on doing
doing this
this activity.
activity.
How did you find the activity? Why
you have experienced this feeling? We
We are are gladglad that
that we we have
have
learned
learned new
new ideas
ideas and
and our
our group
group
acquired
acquired aa lotlot of
of knowledge
knowledge and and
learnings
learnings about
about the
the true
true essence
essence
of
of Science,
Science, Technology
Technology and and
Society
Society in in ourour lives.
lives. This
This
activity
activity makes
makes us us understand
understand the the
role
role of
of Science,
Science, Technology
Technology and and
Society,
Society, and and determine
determine its its
significant
significant in in different
different timetime
period
period (Ancient,
(Ancient, Medieval
Medieval and and
Modern).
Modern).
We
We are
are glad
glad and
and hoping
hoping that
that we
we
will
will apply
apply and and use
use what
what wewe have
have
learned
learned in in this
this activity
activity andand
hoping
hoping thatthat wewe will
will always
always be be

PAGE 35
PAGE 34

keep
keep onon touch
touch on on the
the lessons.
lessons.
 X. Enrichment Scientific Revolution
HOW
HOW SCIENCE
SCIENCE - developments in mathematics,
REVOLUTION
REVOLUTION IS
IS DONE
DONE physics, astronomy, biology, and
chemistry transformed societal
IN:
IN:
LATIN
LATIN MIDDLE
MIDDLE views about nature.
AMERICA
AMERICA EAST
EAST The following are the
EAST ASIA
EAST ASIA AFRICA
AFRICA discoveries of science in Latin
America:
 ENLIGHTENMENT
• (1685-1815)
1. LATIN AMERICA • It was a philosophical movement
that took place in Europe and
Latin American North America.
scientists have long
made important
contributions, and the
history of science in
Latin America provides
a sharp lens for viewing

PAGE 37
the history of the
PAGE 36

region’s relations with

the rest of world.
  DISCOVERED  4 BOTANICAL EXPENDITIONS
PLANT FOR
TREATING SECOND: 20,000
MALARIA FIRST- Discovered plant species and
3,000 species of 7,000 animals were
An infusion of the bark of plants. discovered
the Quina Tree, sweetened
water to treat malaise,
because the Quechua
people used it to prevent
the spasms caused by the
low temperatures.

 CHEMICAL
ELEMENT (1801) FOURTH: Malaspina
Del Río was the first chemist THIRD: The
Expedition. It is
outcome of this was
to declare a new chemical considered as the
the identification of
element in The New World, summit of the Spanish
1327 species.
Enlightenment.
which he called
as erythronium. At first he
call it panchromium, but
when such salts burnt, and

PAGE 03
emitted red light, eventually
PAGE 38

he call it erythronium.
 2. EAST ASIA

• It has largely relied on the

power of modern science
and technology, how to
further advance this power
while dealing with the
• opportunity to fulfill their role as social impacts brought by it
social critics of science and has come to be a major
technology, which has
concern of the states in this
penetrated and influenced the
daily life of common people.
area.
• STS serves the interest of East
Asian states as promoter of
science and technology with
emphasis on current issues while
coping with the problems of
science and technology policy

PAGE 41
making
PAGE 40
 3. MIDDLE EAST
• Dominantly occupied by Muslims, Islam
spread in the 7th and 8th centuries.
• Period of golden age of Islam.
• Muslim scientists placed greater value on
science experiments rather than plain
thrust experiments.
LBN AL-HAYTHAN- is a father of optics,
Muslim scientist known for his
empirical proof of the intromission
theory of light.
PAGE 42
LBN MUSA AL-KWARIZMA- gave the
concept of algorithm while the term
algebra is derived from AL-JAER.
• Arabic numerical system
originally from India, but
Muslim mathematicians did
make refinement's to the
number system such as
introduction of decimal point
notation.
• JABIR IBN HAYYAN considered
as the father of chemistry.
• IBN SINA- pioneered the
science of experimental
medicine, first physician to
conduct clinical trial (Jacquart,
2008), his two notable work is
medicine, TUE BOOK OF
HEALING and THE CANON OF
MEDICINES, used as the
medical text in both the Muslim
world and Europe during 17th
century.
PAGE 43
 4. AFRICA

• Egypt was known to be

center of alchemy- which is
known as the medieval
forerunner of chemistry.
• They tried to study human
anatomy and pharmacology,
and applied important
• Blessed with natural and component of examination,
mineral resources diagnosis, treatment and
• prognosis for treatment of
Ancient Egyptian civilization
disease.
has contributed immensely
and significant advance in
astronomy, mathematics and
medicine.

PAGE 45
PAGE 44
 • Astronomy is famous in Africa,
document shows Africans used 3
types of calendars: A. LUNAR, B.
SOLAR, C. STELLAR OR
COMBINATION OF THE THREE.
• Metallurgy was also known in the
African regions during ancient
times, they invented metal tools
use in their homes, in agriculture,
and in building their magnificent
architecture
• Mathematics is also known as
prominent in the life of early
people in the Africa.
PAGE 46
• Lebombo bones - from the
mountain between Swaziland and
south Africa, which may have born
tools for multiplication, Invasion,
and simple mathematical
calculation or six months lunar
calendar, considered as the oldest
known mathematical artifact
dated 35000 BCE
• They have knowledge of the basic
concepts of algebra, geometry
which is considered advance
during that medieval period.
Algebra, geometry and
trigonometry.
PAGE 47
 References:
Karagözoğlu, B. (2017)- Science and Technology:
Definitions and Terminologies
Retrieved from:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-
319-52890-8_1
Woodford, C. (2020)- Technology Timeline
Retrieved from:
https://www.explainthatstuff.com/timeline.html
Spencer, J. (2019)- Scientific Revolution
Retrieved from:
https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-
Revolution
Nebres, K. (2020)- StuDoc: Module 2 Intellectual
Revolution
Retrived from:
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/bulacan-
state-university/science-technology-and-
society/lecture-notes/intellectual-
revolutions/9147105/view
Fernandez, P. (2015) Revismito: Science made in
PAGE 48
Latin
Retrieved from: http://revistamito.com/science-
made-latin-america/
Alquilita, S. (2020)- Science Education in the
Philippines
Retrived from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4YsqGveDVuo&t=73s
Pagador, S. (2017) SlideShare- Science Education
in the Philippines
Retrived from:
https://www.slideshare.net/iPagador/science-
education-in-the-philippines
Platino, B. (2018)- Prezi: Indigenous Science and
Technology in the Philippines
Retrieved from:
https://prezi.com/dejrmc4xbvhd/indigenous-
science-and-technology-in-the-ph/?
fbclid=IwAR0Sbo4AEA7qe-
wS9Dgvi3sGEHfRPI3GuZKZ5FY9APY26s4Vl59TD
_38ew8
Fernandez, P. (2015) Revismito: Science made in
Latin
Retrieved from: http://revistamito.com/science-
made-latin-america/
Esguerra, J. & Cueto, M.(2007)- Nacla: Latin
PAGE 49
America Science: The Long view
Retrieved from: https://nacla.org/article/latin-
america-science-long-view
GROUP 1
BSA-1A