Science- the word came from the Latin "scientia," meaning "knowledge.

" It refers to the systematic and methodical

activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation, or both.
Technology- it is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving real-world problems. it came from the Greek word techne, meaning 'art, skill, or cunning of hand.'
Society- is composed of a group of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
Wolpert - reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. It is meant simply to explain how nature and the
universe work and that the obligation of the scientists, besides studying the nature of the universe, is to explain the possible
uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. science is not the same as technology. Scientists are not responsible
for the application of knowledge in technology. technological applications of science are influenced by other sectors
such as politics and governance, religion, and business.
Ethical/Moral Dilemmas -are situations where persons, who are called "moral agents" in ethics, are forced to choose
between two or more conflicting options, neither of which resolves the situation in a morally acceptable manner.
Three Conditions that must be present in Moral Dilemmas
1. The person or agent of moral action is obliged to make a decision about which course of action is best.
2. There must be different courses of action to choose from.
3. No matter what course of action is taken, some moral principles are always compromised.
Ten Emerging Ethical Dilemmas
1. Helix- a digital app store designed to read genomes.
2. BlessU-2 Popper- first robot priest and monk
3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition- a software being developed to assess your reactions to anything
such as shopping and playing games.
4. Ransomware- a way of holding data hostage through the backing and requiring a ransom to be paid.
5. Textalyzer- a device that analyzes whether a driver was using his or her phone during an accident.
6. Social Credit System- a system of scoring citizens through their actions by placing them under constant
surveillance.
7. Google Clips- a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly.
8. Sentencing Software- a mysterious algorithm designed to and courts in sentencing decisions.
9. Friendbot- an app that stores the deceased's digital footprint so one can still chat with them.
10. Citizen App- an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major events in a specific area.
Technological advances are influenced by sectors like politics, religion and business
Activities manifesting technological advancements;
• The introduction of machines tremendously cut the need for the human workforce
• The invention of drugs that cured the previously incurable diseases introduced new strains of bacteria
• The rise of social media drastically changed the way humans communicate, interact, and share information
STS – Is the study of how society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these,
in turn affect society, politics and culture
1. To understand how science and technology, and social, cultural and material elements influence the formation of
new practices, new ways of understanding and new institutions important in understanding contemporary
postmodern society
2. New technology and knowledge is fundamental to gauge and imagine the direction and what is the possible future
3. The interaction between and science and technology with society is a very important field of inquiry which not only
leads us to understand not only their relevance but also their limitation and the problem they create.
Get true and accurate depiction of
• Evolution
• Genesis
• Context
Antecedent – it is defined as precursor to the unfolding or existence of something
Ancient – is belonging to the very distant past and no longer in existence
Ancient Wheel (Ancient)- People from ancient civilizations used animals for transportation long before the invention of the
wheel. No one knows who exactly invented the wheel and when. There is, however, a general agreement that the ancient
wheel grew out of a mechanical device called the potter's wheel- a heavy flat disk made up of hardened clay that was spun
horizontally on an axis. The invention of the wheel is often credited to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization used
a similar device at the time.
Shadoof (Ancient)- - The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by Egyptians to irrigate the land. It is a hand-operated
device used for lifting water. Its invention introduced the idea of lifting things using counterweights. Because of this invention,
irrigation and farming became much more efficient. The shadoof is also believed to be an ancient precursor of more
sophisticated irrigation tools.
Antikythera Mechanism (Ancient)- - Even before the invention of the antecedents of the modern computer, the Greeks
had already invented the ancient world's analog computer orrery. Discovered in 1902 and retrieved from the waters of
Antikythera, Greece. Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock and it is known as the antecedent of modern
clockwork.
Compound Microscope (Modern)- A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Jansen is credited for the invention of the
first compound microscope in 1590. It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to
ten times when extended to the maximum. Today, the compound microscope is an important instrument in many scientific
studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics.
Philippine Inventions and Technology
1. Gregoria Zara- He invented the first videophone. A native of Lipa, Batangas and enrolled at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, and graduated with a degree in BS in
Mechanical Engineering in 1926. The two-way televisions or videophones 1955 were patented as a
"photophone signal separator network."
2. Agapito Flores- He invented the fluorescent lamp, which is the most widely used source of lighting in the
world today. The fluorescent lamp reportedly got its name from Flores. The fluorescent lamp, however, was
not invented in a particular year. it was the product of 79 years of the development of the lighting method that
began with the invention of the electric bulb by Thomas Edison.
3. Daniel Dingel- He invented the water-powered car. Daniel Dingel started working on a water-powered car
and prototype in 1969. His hydrogen reactor uses electricity from a 12-volt car battery to transform ordinary
tap water with salt into deuterium oxide or heavy water. However, Dingel's car has never been patented and
commercialized because of what he suspects is an anti-Dngel car conspiracy by multinational companies.
4. Eduardo San Juan- He invented Lunar Rover. Eduardo San Juan's invention is known as the Moon Buggy.
The Moon Buggy was the car used by Neil Armstrong and other astronauts when they first explored the moon
in 1969. He worked for Lockheed Corporation and conceptualized the design of the Moon Buggy that the
Apollo astronauts used while on the moon.
5. Diosdado Banatao- He invented the GUI (Graphical User Interface). Banatao is known for introducing the
first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator that made computers work a lot faster and for helping
develop the Ethernet controller chip that made the internet possible. In 1989, he pioneered the local bus
concept for personal computers and in the following year developed the first Windows accelerator chip. Intel
is now using the chips and technologies developed by Banatao.
6. Angel Alcala- He invented the artificial coral reefs. This was used for fisheries in Southeast Asia.
7. Roberto del Rosario- He invented karaoke in 1975. Roberto del Rosario developed a sing-along system in
1975 and was patented in the 1980s called his sing-along system "Minus-One," now holds the patent for
the device now commonly known as the" karaoke machine."
8. Juan Salcedo Jr. -He developed the" Enriched Rice," a variety of rice fortified with vitamins B1, which helps
prevent beriberi. His discovery helped in the prevention and reduction of beriberi in the Philippines and
in other countries.
Other Inventions by Filipino Scientists
Filipinos have long been known for their ingenuity. As with all inventions, necessity has always been the mother of
Philippine inventions. Most of the inventions appealed to the unique social and cultural context .
1. Electronic Jeepney (e-jeepney)- The jeepney is perhaps one of the most recognizable national symbols of
the Philipines and the most popular mode of transportation in the country. It is also perhaps one of the most
enduring symbols of Filipino ingenuity. Jeepneys were designed and improvised from scratch out of military
jeeps that the Americans left in the country after WW II.
2. Erythromycin- The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented the antibiotic out of the strain of bacterium
called Streptomyces erythreus, from which this drug derived its name.
 3. Medical Incubator- World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is called for
the invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be
admitted to the prestigious Harvard University School of Medicine. Del Mundo's incubator was particularly
outstanding as it addressed the state of Philippine rural communities that had no electricity to aid the regulation
of body temperatures of newborn babies.
4. Mole Remover- In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove moles and warts on the skin
without the need for any surgical procedure shot to fame. Rolando Dela Cruz is credited for the invention of
a local mole remover that made use of extracts of cashew nuts, which are very common in the Philippines.
5. Banana Ketchup- Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana ketchup, a
variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato.
Scientific Revolution – period in history when drastic changes in scientific thought, scientific communities, and the scientific
method took place.
• Science as an idea
• Science as an intellectual activity
• Science as a body of knowledge
• Science as a personal and social activity
Copernican Revolution refers to the 16th-century paradigm shift named after the Polish mathematician and astronomer,
Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus formulated the heliocentric model of the universe. At the time, the belief was that the earth
was the center of the solar system based on the geocentric model of Ptolemy.
• Copernicus introduced the heliocentric model in a 40-page outline entitled Commentariolus. The Revolution of
Celestial Spheres in 1543. In his model, Copernicus repositioned the earth from the center of the Solar System
and introduced the idea that the earth rotates on its own axis.
• In fact, the heliocentric model was met with huge resistance, primarily from the church, accusing Copernicus of
heresy. Copernicus faced persecution from the church because of this. Accepted by other scientists of the time,
most profoundly by Galileo Galilei.
Sigmund Freud is known for his school of thought known as "Psychoanalysis." This school of thought is a scientific
method of understanding inner and unconscious conflicts embedded within one's personality, springing from free
associations, dreams, and fantasies of the individual.
• Conscious = small amount of mental activity we know about
• Preconscious/Subconscious = Things we could be aware of if we wanted or tried
• Unconscious – Things we are unaware of and can not become aware of
Charles Darwing - Famous for his theory of evolution, which posited that populations pass through a process of natural
selection in which only the fittest would survive.
• He published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. His book presented evidence of how species evolved
over time and presented traits and adaptations that differentiate species. In his book
• The Descent of Man, he introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of
evolutionary thinking. His unorthodox way of pursuing science gave more value to evidence-based science. It is
a science marked by observation and experiment.
• It is likened to Copernican Revolution
Cradles of Early Science
Mesoamerica – Consist of four culture Olmec, Maya, Aztec, and Inca. Manufacture of rubber ball in the ball game tlachht.
A game played by from earliest times; among the are corn papaya avocado and cocoa.
• All people shared the calendric and astronomical information of the heavens as a critical part of their sculpture, art
and architecture. The contribution to the high civilization of the world was this creation as direct result of their need
to be in harmony with the celestial cycles
Ideas and tools developed by the Mayans
• Calendar Systems
• Hydraulic System
• Tools in Arts
• Looms
• Used of Rubber
• Hieroglyphics
• Number System
Ideas and tools developed by the Incas
• Road paved with stones
• Stone buildings
• Irrigation system and technique
• Calendar with 12 months
• Suspension Bridges
• Quipo – a system of knotted ropes
• Inca Textiles
Ideas and tools developed by the Olmecs
• Sacred Complexes
• Massive Stone Sculptures
• Ball Games
• Drinking of Chocolate
• Animal Gods
Ideas and tools developed by the Aztecs
• Mandatory Education
• Chocolates
• Antpasmodic Medication
• Chinmpa
• Aztec Calendar
• Canoe
The National Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) clustered these policies into four, namely:
1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance
2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and Mathematics
3. Medical, Chemical, and Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry
DOST Projects
• Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science and technology
• Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in the field of science and
technology
• Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System
• Balik Scientist Program to encourage Filipino scientists abroad to come home and work in the Philippines
• Developing science and technology parks on academic campuses to encourage academe and industry
partnerships
• The establishment of the National Science Complex and National Engineering Complex within the University
of the Philippines campus in Diliman.
The Philippine-American Academy of Science and Engineering (PAASE, 2008) identified several capacity-building
programs such as:
• Establishment of national centers of excellence;
• Manpower and institutional development programs, such as the Engineering and Science Education Program
(ESEP) to produce more Ph.D. graduates in science and engineering
• Establishment of regional centers to support specific industries;
• Establishment of science and technology business centers to assist, advise, and incubate technopreneurship
ventures; and
• Strengthen science education at an early stage through the Philippine Science High School system.
The Philippine-California Advanced Research Institutes (PCARI) Project is a new approach to enhance the skills and
expertise of faculty and staff of Philippine universities and colleges, through scholarships, training, and research partnerships
with top-notch research universities in California, USA, in the priority areas of information infrastructure development (IID)
and health innovation and translational medicine (HITM).
VIRTUAL INSTITUTES
The project is going to be implemented by two virtual institutes:
1. The Institute for Information Infrastructure Development will direct projects in information technology,
energy, e-government, and e-education; and
2. The Institute for Health Innovation and Translational Medicine will direct projects in health care through
strategic technology, delivery, and training, to improve diagnosis, treatment, and health services delivery in
the ten major causes of morbidity and mortality in the Philippines, such as asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis,
dengue, and diarrhea.
The PCARI Project:
• Involves scholarship, training, and research;
• Focuses on two fields: information infrastructure development (IID) and health innovation and translational
medicine (HITM);
• Provides opportunities for direct collaboration between Philippine faculty researchers and UC-based experts
in order to build research capabilities and infrastructure in Philippine universities and colleges;
• Attracts the best and the brightest with full support for research, which includes modern equipment,
attendance in conferences and state-of-the-art laboratories; and
• Addresses important problems of society using the best technologies, including the development of
technologies close to commercialization.
BENEFITS OF THE PCARI PROJECT
• Jobs in new competitive high-value-added industries and related support services in information
infrastructure in support of disaster risk management and response, energy generation monitoring, e-
governance, water resources management, and monitoring of civil infrastructures, among others
• Affordable and efficient diagnostic kits, medical devices, and inexpensive drugs and the creation of jobs to
produce such to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the ten highest causes of mortality and morbidity in
the Philippines, such as dengue, asthma, diabetes, tuberculosis
• Increase in the number of faculty-scientists and faculty-researchers with the capacity to generate effective
technologies to benefit society
• Improved research management skills especially in research grants administration and international linkages
• World-class research institutes with state-of-the-art facilities for Information Infrastructure Development
Health Innovation and Translational Medicine