PALEOLITHIC AGE (500,000 BC – 10,000 BC)

-development of modern man

- Earliest known stone tools - Axes, knives, scrapers, cleavers, bone needles

-Impact of technology - improved health, enhanced security, enabled humans to increase the
population

MESOLITHIC AGE- (10,000 BC – 4000 BC)

-Development of composite tools

-Leatherwork, basketry, fishing tackle

-Impacts of Technology - farming, domestication of animals, beginning of settled communities

NEOLITHIC AGE - 4000 BC – 2300 BC

-Development of agriculture, year-round settlements

-Pottery, polished stone tools, spinning and weaving tools, wooden and stone plows, and
sickles

-Impacts of Technology – dependable year-round food, division of labor that spurs

invention and innovation

BRONZE AGE – (2300 BC – 700 BC)

Earliest civilizations

Bronze jewelry, tools, and weapons

Impact of Technology -stone tools were gradually replaced by metal ones. Enabled humans
to alter their environment at a greater rate

IRON AGE – (700 BC – 450 AD)

use of iron as the main metal.

Iron dagger, iron chisels, small figurines, ornamental jewelry, swords, axes, spearheads

Impact of technology - military dominance for uses of iron weapons and the use of iron
bladed plows enabled humans to cultivate heavier soils and increase food production.
 MIDDLE AGES – (450 –1400 AD)
• The fall of Rome and the Renaissance

• Wheeled plow improved harness for horses, horseshoes, stirrups, waterwheels, crank,
windmill, cast iron, cannons, mechanical clock, compass, ocean-going ships

• Impact of technology -the rise and decline of serfdom and feudalism, the rise of the money
economy and capitalism, the expansion and contraction of economic activity, and the
beginnings of urbanization and industrialization.

RENAISSANCE – (1400-1750 AD)

• The transitional movement in Europe between the middle ages and modern times,
marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence

• Telescope, microscope, thermometer, clocks, barometer

• Impact of technology - instrumentation enabled early scientists to observe and quantify

natural phenomena.

INDUSTRIAL AGE – (1750-1950 AD)

• The cultural stage

• Steam engine, electricity, automobile, airplane, radio, television, telephone, and rocket

• Impact of technology -the Industrial Revolution gave rise to urban centers requiring vast
municipal services, created a specialized and interdependent economic life, and provided the
economic base for the rise of the professions, population expansion, and improvement in living
standards.

INFORMATION AGE - (1950 AD-Present)

 Starting in the 1950s and continuing today in which the gathering, manipulation,
classification, storage, and retrieval of information is central to the workings of society

• Transistor, integrated circuit, computer, a communication satellite, digital photography,

artificial heart, nuclear power plant, space shuttle

• Impact of technology - as information becomes more widely available, increasing numbers of

individuals and organizations will be in a better position to make decisions that “experts” now
make, decentralizing decision making and empowering more people
Pre Colonial Period
-use of technology was also evident in the handicrafts, pottery, weaving, metal is and boats
used by ancient Filipinos

-had an alphabet, a system of writing, a method of counting, weights, and measure.

Spanish Colonial Period

-formal education and founded scientific institutions

-study of medicine in the Philippines was given priority

-Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture

American Period and Post Commonwealth Era

-Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing,
forestry, medicine, and pharmacy.

Marcos Era Martial Law

- Science was given importance
- Technology advancement was given priority
- Science was necessary for development programs

- Philippine National Oil Company

- National Academy of Science and Technology

-
Fifth Republic
-1992, science and technology’s role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was
highlighted.

-August 8, 1988. First Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP was formulated

President Fidel V. Ramos’ Term

-significant increase in personnel specializing in science and technology.
-he was able to establish programs that were significant to the field of science and technology

President Joseph Estrada’s Term

-Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to protect and
preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its natural resources

-Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which outlaws computer hacking
and provides opportunities for new business emerging from the Internet-driven New Economy.

Science and Technology during President Gloria M. Arroyo’s Term

-“golden age” of science and technology by Secretary Estrella Alabastro.

-R.A. 9367 or the “Biofuels” Act.

President Benigno C. Aquino

-Republic Act 10601 which improves the Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech).

-“Father of Organic Agriculture” because of his work on the Organic Agricultural Act of 2010

1. Fe Del Mundo

Invention: Incubator

The first Asian to have entered the prestigious Harvard University School of Medicine.

She was an alumna of the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Medicine.

An incubator is an apparatus used to maintain environmental conditions suitable for

newborn babies.

` It is used in pre-term births or for some ill full-term babies.

2. Gregorio Y. Zara

Invention: Videophone

He is a renowned Filipino engineer and physicist.

 He was the inventor of the first videophone. A native of Lipa, Batangas and enrolled at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the United States, and graduated with
a degree of BS in Mechanical Engineering in 1926.

The two-way television telephone or videophone in 1955 patented as a "photo phone

signal separator network."

3. Agapito Flores

Invention: Fluorescent Lamp

He is the inventor of the fluorescent lamp, which is the most widely used source of lighting
in the world today.

The fluorescent lamp reportedly got its name from Flores. The fluorescent lamp, however,
was not invented in a particular year.

It was the product of 79 years of the development of the lighting method that began with
the invention of the electric light bulb by Thomas Edison.

4. Eduardo San Juan

Invention: Lunar Rover

Filipinos consider Eduardo San Juan as the inventor of the Lunar Rover, or more popularly
known as the Moon Buggy.

The Moon Buggy was the car used by Neil Armstrong and other astronauts when they
first explored the moon in 1969.

He worked for Lockheed Corporation and conceptualized the design of the Moon Buggy
that the Apollo astronauts used while in the moon.

5. Diosdado Banatao

Invention: GUI (Graphical User Interface)

Banatao is most known for introducing the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator
that made computers work a lot faster and for helping develop the Ethernet controller chip that
made the Internet possible.
6. Angel Alcala

Invention: Artificial Coral Reefs

Angel Alcala is behind the invention of artificial coral reefs used for fisheries in
Southeast Asia.

7. Roberto Del Rosario

Invention: Karaoke (1975)

He developed a sing-along system in 1975 and patented it in the 1980s called his sing-
along system "Minus-One", now holds the patent for the device now commonly known as
the "karaoke machine".

Roberto del Rosario, a Filipino, is claiming the right for the invention of the Sing- Along-
System (SAS) that eventually led to the development of Karaoke, a Japanese term for "singing
without accompaniment".

8. Narciso Mosuela

Invention: Superkalan

The Superkalan is a stove that can be powered by any substance that burns.
Narciso Mosuela of the Filipino province of La Union invented it and received the Best Design
award from the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) in 1987.

Among the substances that can power the Superkalan are wood, paper, dried dung and
leaves, corncobs, and coco shells. Mosuela has also invented a functional rice thresher.

9. Juan Salcedo Jr

Developed “Enriched Rice,” a rice variety fortified with vitamin B1, which helps prevent
beriberi.

His discovery helped reduce the cases of beriberi in the Philippines and in other countries.

10. Ramon Barba

Horticulturist Ramon Barba is known for inventing techniques to promote crop flowering.

His work, which has helped develop the local mango industry, is the only invention in
Southeast Asia that the World Intellectual Property Organization recognizes.
 R.A. 2067- “Science Act Of 1958” - This Was Enacted to Integrate, Coordinate,
And Intensify Scientific And Technological Research And Development And To
Foster Invention Including Allocation Of Funds And Other Purposes.

 R.A. 3589- An Act Amending RA 2067 Modifying the National Science

Development Board, National Institute Of Science And Technology, And The
Philippine Atomic Energy Commission, Extending Tax Exemption, Privileges
On Grants, Requests And Donations For Scientific Purposes To Private
Educational Institutions

 R.A. 5207- an act providing for the licensing and regulation of atomic energy
facilities and materials, establishing the rules on liability for nuclear damage,
and for other purposes.

 PD No. 49, s.1972- establishment of PAGASA, to provide environmental

protection and utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the people

 PD No. 334, s1973 – created the Philippine National Oil Company to provide
industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of
energy resources

 R.A. 8749- otherwise known as the Philippine Clean Air Act, is a comprehensive
air quality management policy and program which aims to achieve and maintain
healthy air for all Filipinos.

 R.A. 8792 – an act providing for the recognition and use of electronic
commercial and non-commercial transactions and documents, penalties for
unlawful use thereof, and for other purposes.

 R.A. 9367 - An Act to direct the use of biofuels, establishing for this purpose the
biofuel program, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes

 R.A. 9513 - 'Renewable Energy Act of 2008' was codified in December 2008
to affirm the government's commitment to accelerate the utilization of
renewable energy (RE) resources in the country.

 R.A. 10175 - “Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012” which completely address

crimes committed against and by means of computer system

 R.A 10612 – “Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994”, or the “Fast-
Tracked Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 2013”, and Merit
Scholarship Program. It aims to help and support the growing number of
aspiring scientists and engineers in the country.
  R.A. 10844- states that information and communication have vital roles in
nation-building and that it is the state's policy to “ensure universal access to
quality, affordable, reliable and secure ICT services.”

12 Priority Areas for S & T development

 Agriculture, forestry, and natural resources

 Health and medical services

 Biotechnology

 ICT

 Microelectronics

 Materials, science and engineering

 Earth and marine services

 Fisheries and Aquaculture

 Environment

 Natural disaster mitigation

 Energy and

 Manufacturing and service engineering

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

The Intellectual revolution pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the
scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people (Hintay,
2018).
THE THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED THE SOCIETY

1.) Ideas of known intellectuals

2.) Information Revolution

3.) Cradles of Early Science

1. IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

In the 6th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed
that the Earth is the center of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the
people at that time.

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

Copernicus is an Astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the
Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun. The change from the belief
of geocentric to heliocentric happened through the contributions of other important
persons such as:

· Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia

· Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center

· Galileo Galilei developed a telescope and observed Venus

· Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology,

religion, physics, and philosophy.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

UNITED KINGDOM

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882) formulated his book “On the Origin of Species”
in 1859 that presented evidence on how species evolved over time and “The Descent of
Man (1871)” that introduced the idea of all organic life under the realm of revolutionary
thinking.
 Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms
change over time because of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The
changes that allow an organism to better adapt to its environment can help it survive
and have more offspring

There are 2 main points in his theory:

1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other

2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations

that were driven by natural selection

Natural Selection- survival of the fittest

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION SIGMUND FREUD

(1856-1939) Freud founded psychoanalysis. He described that the brain can be

segmented into compartments. He developed an observational method to study
human's inner life mainly focuses on human sexuality and the evil nature of man.

The Freudian Revolution greatly affected or gave rise to Literature, Visual Arts, and
Music.

2. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
The Information Revolution started from the Sumerian pictographs, which is the
earliest writing system. Then comes the invention of Gutenberg’s printing press
1455. There emerged the use of typewriter and telegraph. Today, technologies
are used widely which became easier with the help of the internet to
communicate and disseminate and store information.

3. THE FOUR CRADLES OF EARLY SCIENCE

1. Meso American

Mesoamerican Civilizations

· Mayan

· Inca

· Aztec
Contributions of the Mesoamericans

· The Aztecs had established a great military force.

· The chinampa of the Aztecs used small rectangular areas of fertile land to grow
crops on shallow lake beds.

· The use of rubber is documented in the Maya ball game called tlatchtli.

· They used cocoa beans as a currency.

· The Maya developed an accurate calendar, also known as the Mayan Calendar.

· The Quipos are used by the Incan for book-keeping

· The Mita system was invented by the Inca. It is a labor service that takes for in
road and bridge construction, in the cultivation of corn and textile production

2. Middle East

Contributions in the Middle East:

· The Arab applied the romans principles and improve the watermill known as noria.

· The middle East is known for their machine designed for the improvement of
irrigation, industrial work and for war. The windmill and watermill are used for
crushing sugarcanes, grinding grain, and pumping water.

· The book of Badic al-Zaman ibn al-Razaz al-Jazari described candle and water clocks,
water vessels, fountains, automata, and water raising devices.

· The book written by Taqi al-Din ibn Maruf al-Rashid al-Dimashqi explained steam
power and a blueprint of a six-piston pump.

3. ASIA

Major contributions in Asia

· Traditional Chinese medicine acupuncture and herbal medicine were practiced

· Four great inventions in china: Compass, gunpowder, papermaking, printing

· Other: alchemy, which is a Taoist chemistry

4. AFRICAN

Contributions from Africa:

· Africa is known for the production of Kola nuts and coffee in Ethiopia (Kola nuts are
mostly found in West Africa and are the basis of cola drink).

· Coffee was developed as a consumable drink that spread to Arabia and then
throughout the world

· Africa used plants with salicylic acid for pain (aspirin) and for diarrhea (Kaopectate).

· They are also highly advanced in medicine such as operating autopsies and caesarian.

· The technology involved experimentation in drainage, construction of polders,

desalination, and irrigation. Evidence in 1978 suggests that they already mastered
making steels.

The Human Person Flourishing in Terms of Science and Technology

· Technology has always been defined as a means to an end and being a human
activity.

· It has long filled the word. Everyday routines are marked with technological advances
that reflect what society is good or known for. Technology has well advanced since the
middle of the20th

· Century especially after the end of World War II. It is not unexpected for technology
to involve the question of knowledge which lead to its formation as one of the branches
of philosophy. This also led to the furtherance of technology based on how it is viewed
and understood. But there is more to that.

· Aristotle, was born 304 B.C. an ancient Greek philosophy scientist and one of the most
significant thinkers and who contributed so much to science, technology, political
theory, and aesthetics world; followed that knowledge of the world begins by looking
and examining that which exists. To understand the human person flourishing in terms
of science and technology, it is good to first examine technology in its essence.

What is Happiness?

· In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be

defined by, among others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to
intense joy.

· To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do

something good or positive.
· To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the
brain as a reward for behavior that prolongs survival.

· The hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the polar opposite of suffering,
the presence of happiness indicates the absence of pain. Because of this, hedonists
believe that the purpose of life is to maximize happiness, which minimizes misery.

· Eudaimonia, a term that combines the Greek words for "good" and "spirit" to describe
the ideology. Eudaimonia defines happiness as the pursuit of becoming a better person.
Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves intellectually or by engaging in
activities that make them spiritually richer people.

Aristotle --> Aristotle believed that human flourishing requires a life with other people.
Aristotle taught that people acquire virtues through practice and that a set of concrete
virtues could lead a person toward his natural excellence and happiness.

According to Aristotle, there is an end to all of the actions that we perform which we
desire for itself. This is what is known as eudaimonia, flourishing, or happiness, which
is desired for its own sake with all other things being desired on its account.
Eudaimonia is a property of one's life when considered as a whole. Flourishing is the
highest good of human endeavors and that toward which all actions aim. It is a success
as a human being. The best life is one of excellent human activity.

Eudaimonia

· “good-spirited”

· Coined by Aristotle

· Describes the pinnacle of happiness that is attainable by humans.

· “human flourishing”

· From Nicomachean Ethics (philosophical inquiry into the nature of the good life for a
human being.) – human flourishing arises as a result of different components such as

•Phronesis

•Friendship

•Wealth

•Power
•In ancient Greek society, they believe that acquiring these will surely bring the seekers
happiness, which in effect allows them to partake in the greater notion of what we call
the Good.

• As time changes, elements that comprise human flourishing changed.

• People found means to live more comfortably, explore more places, develop more
products, and make more money.

• Humans of today are expected to become “man of the world”.

• Supposed to situate himself in a global neighborhood, working side by side among

institutions and the government to be able to reach a common goal.

Principles of Human Flourishing

· Dignity of the Human person - innate personal values or rights which demand
respect for all people, regardless of race, social class, wealth etc.

· Common Good - sacrificing self-interest to provide for the basic human needs of
everyone makes the whole community flourish.

· Preferential Option for the Poor - when decisions are made by first considering the
poor. ·

 Subsidiarity - when all those affected by a decision are involved in making it.

· Universal Purpose of Goods - the Earth's resources serve every person's needs,
regardless of who "owns" them.

· Stewardship of Creation - duty to care for the Earth as a (God-given) gift is a

personal responsibility for the common good.

· Promotion of Peace - everyone has the duty to respect and collaborate in personal
relationships, and at national and global levels.

· Participation - everyone has the right and the duty to take part in the life of a society
(economic, political, cultural, religious)

· Global Solidarity - recognition that we are all interconnected, part of one human
family.
Different Conceptions of Human Flourishing
Eastern

• Focus is community-centric

• Individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of society

• Chinese Confucian system

• Japanese Bushido

• Encourage studies of literature, sciences, and art for a greater cause

Western

· More focused on the individual

· Human flourishing as an end

· Aristotelian view

· Aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate good

Science, Technology and Human Flourishing

· Every discovery, innovation, and success contributes to our pool of human

knowledge.

· Human’s perpetual need to locate himself in the world by finding proofs to trace
evolution.

· Elicits our idea of self-importance

· Technology is a human activity we excel in because of achieving science.

· Good is inherently related to the truth.