•Pipe

  Strength
Pipes are specified according to wall thickness (i.e.,
schedule number).
Bursting Pressure (of thin-walled cylinders):

where,
Pb = bursting pressure (psi)
ST = Tensile strength (psi)
tm = Minimum wall thickness (inch) = (OD – ID)/2
Dm = Mean diameter (inch) = (ID + OD)/2
1
•Let  Ps = Safe working pressure
Then:

where, Ss = Safe working stress

Schedule Number = 1000

2
3
Note: For T  250F

 Ss  9000 psi (recommended); for lap-welded steel pipes.

 Ss  6500 psi; for butt-welded steel pipes.

Common schedule numbers:

10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160

4
Words encountered in piping design:
 Threaded fittings (pipe diameter  3 inch)
 Flanges (pipe diameter  3 inch)
 Bell-and-spigot joints (usually used underground)

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Pressure terminology
 Low Pressure  25 psi
 “Standard” Pressure 25  P  125 psi

 Extra-Heavy Pressure 125  P  250 psi

 Hydraulic Pressure 300  P  10,000 psi

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Factors to be considered in designing piping systems
1) Choice of material
2) Size (Diameter, Wall Thickness)
3) Effect of temperature level  Insulation
4) Effect of temperature changes  Thermal expansion
 Freezing
Note: If T changes from 50F to 600F:
 Length of 100 ft steel pipe would increase by 4.9 inches!
 Length of 100 ft brass pipe would increase by 7.3 inches!

We have a problem !!!

Solution(s) ???
7
Solution(s):
 Provide flexibility by using for example:

 Expansion loops

 Changes in direction

 Slip joints

8
cont. Factors to be considered in designing piping systems

5) Flexibility of the system for physical or thermal shocks.

Example: Water hammer caused by quick-opening or
quick closing of valves may damage the piping system !!

Solution ???  Avoid such procedure.

 Protect the valves:
 Use expansion or surge chambers).9
cont. Factors to be considered in designing piping systems

6) Adequate support and anchorage.

7) Alterations in the system and the service.

8) Maintenance and inspection.
9) Ease of installation.
10) Auxiliary and stand-by pumps and lines.
11) Safety:
 Design factors
 Relief valves and flare systems
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Pipe Sizing
Optimum Economic Pipe Diameter (Di,opt)
It gives least total cost for annual pumping
power and fixed charges.

11
cont. Pipe Sizing

For Turbulent Flow:

1
•   1 . 32 𝑞 2 .84 0 .84
𝜌 𝜇 0 .16
𝐾 ( 1+ 𝐽 ) 𝐻
𝐷𝑖 ,𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
[ 𝑓 ❑ 𝑐

𝑛 [ 1+ 𝐹 ¿ 𝑋𝐸 𝐾 𝑓 ] ]
𝑦 ( 4 .84 +𝑛)

For Viscous Flow:

  2 ❑ 1
0 .096 𝑞 𝑓 𝜇 𝐾 ( 1+𝐽 ) 𝐻
𝐷 𝑖 ,𝑜𝑝𝑡 =
[ 𝑐

𝑛 [ 1+ 𝐹 ¿ 𝑋𝐸 𝐾 𝑓 ] ]
𝑦 ( 4 . 0+𝑛 )

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cont. Pipe Sizing

qf = fluid-flow rate (ft3/s)

 = fluid density (lb/ft3)
c = fluid viscosity (cP)
K = cost of electrical energy ($/kWh)
Hy = hours of operation per year
E = efficiency of motor and pump )expressed as a fraction)
J = Frictional loss due to fittings and bends expresses as equivalent of
fractional loss in a straight pipe.
X = Purchase cost of new pipe per foot of pipe length ($/ft)
KF = Annual fixed charges including maintenance, expressed as a
fraction of initial cost for completely installed pipe.
F = Ratio of total costs for fittings and installation to purchase cost for
new pipe.
n = a constant with value dependent on type of pipe (= 1.5 for steel
pipes D1inch; = 1.0 for steel pipes D1 inch) 13
cont. Pipe Sizing

Pipe Size Approximation

For turbulent flow (Re  2100) , in steel pipes
(for 0.02 cP    20 cP)
  for Di  1 inch
where, qf = fluid flow rate (ft3/sec)
 = fluid density (lbm/ft3)
  for Di  1 inch

For viscous flow (Re  2100) , in steel pipes

  for Di  1 inch
where, c = fluid viscosity (cP)
  for Di  1 inch
14
15
  = 1000 kg/m3

0.06 m

= 2.36 inch

 = 1.12 cP

Flow Rate = 50 gpm

= 0.00315 m3/s

16
17
  = 1000 kg/m3

0.06 m

= 2.36 inch

 = 1.12 cP

Flow Rate = 50 gpm

= 0.00315 m3/s

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19
20
Costs of Piping Systems

$=?
21
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25
26
27
28
29
 30
includes cost of standard covering.
End of Pipes

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