INTRODUCTION

TO QUANTUM
COMPUTING
Madiha Khalid
Bahria University, Islamabad
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
MOORE’S LAW
Moore's Law is the observation made in 1965 by Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, that the
number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits had doubled every year since the
integrated circuit was invented. Moore predicted that this trend would continue for at least a
decade.
MOORE’S LAW Saturation region
TUNNELING EFFECT
Tunneling effect allows the sub atomic particle i.e
electrons to pass through a potential barrier
This phenomena occurs due to principles of quantum
mechanics
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
STERN-GERLACH
EXPERIMENT
South Pole

North Pole
ELECTRON SPINS
South Pole

North Pole
STERN-GERLACH
EXPERIMENT
ELECTRON SPINS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
 QUBIT REPRESENTATION
 • A qubit is a unit of information describing
two dimensional quantum system.
• Qubit exists as superposition of two states
similar to the spinning property of
electron.

• Mathematical description of Qubit:

• where is the probability of getting 0 and

is the probability of getting 1 after
measurement of qubit.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
 BLOCH SPHERE
 Bloch sphere was named after the Swiss-American physicist
Felix Bloch.
 Bloch sphere represents the qubit as a point in a unit sphere.
Every qubit is represented by two angles; latitude (ϴ) and
longitude (φ).
 The north pole of sphere corresponds to state 0 and south pole
represents to state 1.
 Longitude (φ) is the angle |ψ| makes from x along the equator.
 longitude(θ) is half the angle ψ makes with the z axis.
 When a qubit is measured in the standard basis, it will collapse
to a bit which will be equal to the North pole or South pole of
Bloch Sphere.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
SISO QUBIT GATES-
MEASUREMENT
SISO QUBIT GATES-PAULI
X/Y/Z
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Moore’s Law Limitations
 Stern-Gerlach Experiment
 Qubit Representation
 Bloch Sphere
 SISO Qubit gates
 Application
APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM
COMPUTING

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