VOLTAGE DROP BY GROUP 1

MARIMON, PERIAS,
CALCULATION RAMA
INTRODUCTION TO VOLTAGE
DROP
occurs when load current flows through a
conductor or transformer having a finite
impedance.
results in lower-than-normal values of
system voltage at a given point in the
power system.
(decrease in electrical potential)
INTRODUCTION TO VOLTAGE
DROP
Lower-than-normal voltage may cause:
 Motor Failures
 Dropout of Motor Starters
 The torque is proportional to the square of the
supply voltage.
 Therefore, if the voltage drops the starting torque
will also decrease, making it more difficult to start
up motors.
INTRODUCTION TO VOLTAGE
DROP
Lower-than-normal voltage may cause:
 Motor Failures
 Dropout of Motor Starters
 The torque is proportional to the square of the
supply voltage.
 Therefore, if the voltage drops the starting torque
will also decrease, making it more difficult to start
up motors.
 Dimming of Lamps
FACTORS THAT CAUSE
VOLTAGE DROP
System Impedances
 Line (Conductor) Impedances
 Transformer Impedances

System Loads
Length of Conductors and Distance of Loads
Motor Starting
SUBTOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:
Voltage Tolerance
Voltage Drop Defined
Cable Impedances
Transformer Impedances
Application in Electrical System Design
VOLTAGE TOLERANCE
VOLTAGE TOLERANCE
The actual voltage in any power system will deviate from nominal due to voltage
drops in the system.
By ANSI Standard C84, the actual service voltage must lie within:
 For low-voltage systems (< 1000V), ±5% of nominal 
 For medium-voltage systems (up to 35kV), -2.5% and +5% of nominal

Quick Bits: This is why we see 100-125V or 220-240V in some power supplies. This
is to accommodate the variations of voltage due to voltage drop.
EXAMPLE 1
Calculate
  the allowable service voltage range for a 120/240 V, single phase, three-
wire service.

Solution:
For Lower Range For Higher Range
EXAMPLE 2
Calculate
  the allowable service voltage range for a 480Y/277 V, three phase, four-
wire service.

Solution:
For Lower Range For Higher Range
VOLTAGE DROP
DEFINED
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR
VOLTAGE DROP
CALCULATIONS

 
Equation (16-1)
 DERIVING VOLTAGE DROP
EQUATION
  (16-1)

 
Therefore, the voltage dropped () due to line impedance () is:

(16.2)

As shown in the phasor diagram, we can rewrite it as:

(16.3)
Where:
= circuit resistance in ohms = line current phase angle
= circuit reactance in ohms (assume -36.87 if not given)
PERCENT VOLTAGE DROP
 The voltage drop is usually expressed as a percentage of nominal.
It is represented by the equation:

Equation (16-4)
CABLE IMPEDANCES
 IMPEDANCE TABLE
The cable impedances are determined
based on the tables given by:

 the manufacturer,
 the National Electric Code (per 1000 ft) or
 the Philippine Electric Code (per 305 m)

Taken from the 2009 Philippine Electric

Code
IMPEDANCE TABLE Taken from the 2009 Philippine Electric
THREE-PHASE “ONE-WAY”
IMPEDANCE
 
Since the three-phase voltage drop calculations are assumed to have a balanced load,
no neutral current flows back to the source.
Cable Impedances are calculated as:

Where n units can be 305 meters or 1000 feet.

For Parallel Conductors: Simply divide and by the number of conductors per phase.
THREE-PHASE VOLTAGE DROP
  line-to-neutral voltage drop, from equation 16-3:
For

For line-to-line voltage drop:

EXAMP Determine
  the voltage drop both L-L and L-N:
> 480 V, 3-phase feeder, 75 ft in length, one 500 kcmil THW copper conductor per phase.

LE 3: > The current is 300-30 A. Assume steel conduit.

 Solution:
From the table: the resistance is 0.029 ohm/1000 ft and the reactance is 0.048 ohm/1000 ft

Therefore:
For L-N Voltage Drop:

For L-L Voltage Drop:

EXAMP Determine
  the voltage drop both L-L and L-N:
> 480 V, 3-phase feeder, 75 ft in length, three 500 kcmil THW copper conductor per phase.

LE 4: > The current is 950-30 A. Assume steel conduit.

 Solution:
From the table: the resistance is 0.029 ohm/1000 ft and the reactance is 0.048 ohm/1000 ft

Therefore:
For L-N Voltage Drop:

For L-L Voltage Drop:

SINGLE-PHASE IMPEDANCE
 Load current will flow from the source to the load, and back to the source.
Thus, the cable impedance between the source and load must be taken twice.
Cable Impedances are calculated as:

Where n units can be 305 meters or 1000 feet.

EXAMP Determine
  the voltage drop and percent voltage drop:
> 120 V, 1-phase branch circuit, 100 ft in length, #12 AWG THW copper conductor.

LE 5: > The current is 15-20 A. Assume steel conduit.

 Solution:
From the table: the resistance is 2.0 ohm/1000 ft and the reactance is 0.068 ohm/1000 ft

Therefore:
For L-N Voltage Drop:

Percentage:
TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE DROP
TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT
CIRCUIT & EQUATION

  𝑉𝐷 = VD
𝑉𝐷=
  |𝑰 𝐿𝑆|×[ 𝑅𝑇𝑅 ×cos ( 𝜃 ) − 𝑋 𝑇𝑅 ×sin (𝜃 ) ] % ×100 %
𝐕
| LS|
Equation (16-10) Equation (16-11)
TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCES
  ]
]
If transformer percent impedance (%) and X/R ratio is given:

Given the said information:

EXAMPLE 6:
Determine the voltage drop
 112.5 kVA, 480-208Y/120 V, 3-Phase TX, 3% Impedance, X/R Ratio of 1.5
 Operating at Full Load, 0.8 lagging power factor

 
Solution:

=312.3A
EXAMPLE 7A:
Determine the voltage drop
 50 kVA, 480-120/240 V, 1-Phase TX, 1.3 %R, 1.7%X
 Operating at Full Load, Unity Power Factor

 
Solution:

=208.3A
EXAMPLE 7B:
Determine the voltage drop
 50 kVA, 480-120/240 V, 1-Phase TX, 1.3 %R, 1.7%X
 Operating at Full Load, 0.8 lagging power factor

 
Solution:

=208.3A
EXAMPLE 7C:
Determine the voltage drop
 50 kVA, 480-120/240 V, 1-Phase TX, 1.3 %R, 1.7%X
 Operating at Full Load, 0.8 leading power factor

 
Solution:

=208.3A