PRESENTATION

ON
ECG
k. vani
Msc (N) IInd  year 

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

 INTRODUCTION

 ECG is a three-letter acronym for electro cardiography.

  The word is derived from electro (Greek for electricity), cardio (Greek for
heart) and graph (Greek root meaning to write). 
 It Is a transthoracic interpretation of the electricity activity of the heart over
time captured and extremally recorded by skin electrodes. 
 The device used to produce this noninvasive record is called the
electrocardiograph. ECG is the gold standard for the non-invasive diagnosis
of cardiac diseases and may occasionally be the only marker for the presence
of heart disease.
 ELECTROCARDIOGRPAHY TIMELINE: 

 1872: Alexander Muirhead attached wires to a feverish patient's wrist to obtain a

record of the patients' heartbeat's Bartholomew's Hospital. 
 1887: British physiologist Augustus D. Waller of St Marys' Medical School,
London publishes the first human electrocardiogram. The trace from the heartbeat
was projected onto a photographic plate which was itself fixed to a toy train 
 1893: Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven introduces the term
electrocardiogram at a meeting of the Dutch Medical Association. 
 1895: Willem Einthoven distinguishes five deflections which he names P, Q, R, S
and T. 
1902: Einthoven publishes the first electro -cardiogram recorded
on a string galvanometer. ​
1912: Einthoven addresses the Chelsea Clinical Society in
London and describes an equilateral triangle formed by his
standard leads I, II and III later called Einthoven's triangle. ​
 1924: Willem Einthoven wins the Nobel prize for inventing
the electrocardiograph. ​
ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF MYCOCARDIAL CELLS
 The depolarization-repolarization cycle consists of the
following phases: 
Phase 0: Sodium (Na+) moves rapidly into cell.  
Rapid depolarization  Calcium (Ca++) moves slowly into cell. 

Phase 1: Sodium channels close. 

Early repolarization 
Phase 2: Calcium continues to flow in. 
Plateau phase  Potassium (K+) continues to flow out. 
Phase 3: Calcium channels close.  
Rapid repolarization  Potassium flows out rapidly.  
Phase 4: Cell membrane is impermeable to sodium.  
Resting phase  Potassium moves out of the cell. 
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
ELECTRO
CARDIOGAPHIC
LEADS
THE HEART RHYTHM